Name: 心靈冥想的認知神經科學 (Cognitive Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:50:09.000Z
Duration: 48 min 54 s
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>> ALLEN: Hi everybody. Welcome. Today, I'm here-- my name is Peter Allen. I'm the Director

程度副詞

of Google University and I'd like to introduce Philippe Goldin. Philippe, just a moment aback,

his background is a Postdoctoral Researcher. Philippe Goldin is a Postdoctoral Researcher

in clinically applied Affective Neuroscience in the Department of Psychology at Stanford.

Hold a PhD in clinical psychology from Rectors. He also spent six years in India and Nepal

studying languages, Buddhist Philosophy and Debate, which means that he can prove you

wrong in a nonviolent way in languages that you don't even understand. Philippe is currently

doing clinical research funded by the NIH in three areas. And here I have to read because

otherwise, I'll say it all wrong. Neuroimaging Investigations of Cognitive Effective Mechanisms

in Healthy Adults and Individuals with various forms of Psychopathology. The Effective Mind

fullness Meditation and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Neural Substrates of Emotion and

Attention Regulation. And the Effect of Child Parent Mindfulness Meditation Training. The

question is, "Why does this matter?" Philippe and his colleagues are working on understanding

how meditation affects the brain. And I can think of at least four implications for this.

One is that meditation is moving out of the realm of faith-based practice into the realm

of recognized science. Two, as this research is better accepted, more people will practice

and benefit from meditation. Three, you will be able to submit cost of your Zafu and Zabuton

as medical expenses, although not this year. And fourth implication, if you haven't already,

you should immediately go to go/siy and sign up for the next round of Search Inside Yourself,

Google's own mindfulness-based emotional intelligence class. So without further ado, please take

a deep breath, focus, and join me in welcoming Philippe Goldin whose talk today is entitled

the Cognitive Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation.

>> GOLDIN: Wow! Thank you so much. That was a beautiful introduction. So, without further

a do, just thank you very much for the opportunity to be here, and to share some ideas and open

questions and suggestions, and well, let's start. So today I'm going to speak briefly

a little bit about Attention, Mindfulness and Brain Systems, some cutting edge research

where there's a huge amount of interest, both from a clinical side, because I'm trained

as a clinical psychologist, psychotherapist, and also Neuroscience. I'm also trained as

a Neuroscientist. But how--what really--how does the brain work, how is it plastic, how

is it influenced by different types of training? I'm only here in front of you because there

are hundreds of people who've influenced me, some of whom are here, people who've taught

me brain imaging, how to sit with patients, how to become a husband, how to practice meditation

and so forth. So really, I'm here, but there's hundreds of other people who really, through

their kindness, that's why I can stand here in front of you. So, in brief, I'm going to

speak a little bit about Mindfulness Meditation, one particular type of meditation practice,

and then look at a clinical application: how might one type of practice, Mindful Based

Stress Reduction, be used as a clinical intervention for adults suffering from Social Phobia or

Social Anxiety Disorder? There are many types of mediation practice. And that's something

that's very important. The word gome in Tibetan, bavna in Sanskrit, really refers to cultivating

a certain quality of mind. So its practices that help us cultivate a quality and there

are many ways to do that. So there's--just simply put, there are some classes of meditation

practices that really have to do with harnessing attention, focusing and developing concentration.

So, for example, breath, body, focused meditation, visualizing an image, a mantra, or listening

to a sound, or certain object list open field. These are different kinds of meditation practices

that they have different types of results. Then there's also linguistic, analytic linguistic

or reasoning, as exemplified by monks doing analytic debate which I did when I was I India

in Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and it's really, really fun. And this here could be taking

a topic like the precious human rebirth; working here at Google, why is that such an amazing

thing; the death meditation, generating love and kindness, these would all be objects of

analytic thinking, linguistic, logic types of meditation. And then, the gem of all, the

actual medicine, well, one form of medicine is meditation on emptiness, in Sanskrit, shunyata.

And this has to do with dissolving a mistake in view of how I exist, how we exist, and

transforming that into a view of how one exists that is a lot more fluid and healthy. So that's

another form of meditation practice that is really these two build up to doing this. So,

in the field of clinical interventions, clinical psychology, etcetera, there's a huge, huge

bursting interest in applying eastern concepts, eastern meditation practices, acceptance,

mindfulness, into western clinical practices, interventions. So for example, one of the

most popular Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, I believe you had John Kabat-Zinn here recently.

So this is really fascinating because he took people who were basically coming out of pain

clinics in UMass who the doctors were like "Look, we've done surgery, we've drugged them

up with lots of medications, we've done everything we can, we're tired of them, you take them."

And he basically said "Okay, I'll do it." And he caught a fad and created this program

"Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction" to help people with chronic, physical and emotional

pain, 30 years ago. Next year it'll be 30 years. So he's infiltrated the medical system

in a away that no one else has done to make it legitimate, to bring techniques, to help

people deal with themselves in a way that's really concrete, fundamental. Beautiful. Another

derivative that's really fascinating is Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, literally a hybrid

of one of the best forms of psychotherapy, cognitive therapy and Mindfulness Meditation,

specifically as a treatment to prevent relapse into major depression. So this is to help

people who have three or more previous major depressive episodes, and helping them to prevent

relapse into the subsequent depressive episode. So this has been very, very efficacious and

wonderful clinical trials across three different study--three different continents. Another

form is Dialectic Behavior Therapy which specifically incorporates Mindfulness Meditation as one

of the techniques to help people primarily with borderline personality disorder, but

it's been extended to eating disorders as well. And then acceptance and commitment therapy

is another kind of clinical practice that is explicitly incorporating mindfulness and

Buddhist's ideas without talking about Buddhism at all. So these are just some examples of

how it's being incorporated in clinical practices right now. What I'm going to focus on for

today is Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction as a type of intervention. First question

is what is that? So it consist of three different components: formal meditation practice, breath

focused, body scan of sensations, being able to shift attention volitionally from different

sensory modalities, generating compassion, loving, kindness state of mind, and then there's

informal meditation practice which is just as important as the formal sitting which is

10, 15, 20 times per day, just for even one breathe. So you can do it even right now,

just shift your attention to your own breathe just for one cycle, to breathing in and breathing

out. So we ask people to do this anytime, anywhere, any situation, multiple times a

day to build the muscle of attention, to generate the habit of checking in, dropping in. Oops!

And then the third component is Hatha yoga, physical stretching which is also a way of

getting into the body, noticing sensation. So this is the program, so to speak, that

we used for adults with social anxiety. Mindfulness has been shown over the past 30 years across

numerous clinical studies to be very effective and robust for reducing stress, pain, anxiety

and depressive symptoms overall. Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy has been shown to

be excellent as a relapse prevention, not a treatment for major depression, but a treatment

to help prevent the next depressive episode. What is mindfulness? As defined by John Kabat-Zinn,

paying attention in a particular way. From the psychological side, what we think about

that is, attention has many components. Here, we're focusing on the ability to alert, place

your attention on an object. The ability, when the mind becomes distracted, to reorient,

the ability to have a specific goal and to use top down or executive control to stay

on target. All kinds of qualities that are needed to get anything done. Doing this on

purpose, meaning I have an intention, a motivation why I'm engaging in this training of my attention.