Name: 【TED】Ellen Jorgensen：關於CRISPR你需要知道什麼（What you need to know about CRISPR | Ellen Jorgensen）。 (【TED】Ellen Jorgensen: What you need to know about CRISPR (What you need to know about CRISPR | Ellen Jorgensen))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:41:49.000Z
Duration: 9 min 54 s

translator: Aaron Shoo, reviewer: Yi-Fan Yu

第二類條件句型

This is a technology -- it's for genome editing --

and it's so versatile and so controversial

that it's sparking all sorts of really interesting conversations.

How can we justify wiping out an entire species

This type of science is moving much faster

than the regulatory mechanisms that govern it.

to make sure that as many people as possible understand

these types of technologies and their implications.

Now, CRISPR has been the subject of a huge media hype,

又愛用「輕易」和「廉價」來形容。

and the words that are used most often are "easy" and "cheap."

So what I want to do is drill down a little bit deeper

檢視關於「CRISPR」的迷思和現實。

and look into some of the myths and the realities around CRISPR.

如果要對基因組進行「CRISPR」，

the first thing that you have to do is damage the DNA.

The damage comes in the form of a double-strand break

接著細胞的修復機制會開始介入，

And then the cellular repair processes kick in,

and then we convince those repair processes

「Cas9 蛋白質」和「嚮導RNA」。

You've got a Cas9 protein and something called a guide RNA.

I like to think of it as a guided missile.

所以「Cas9」--我喜歡用擬人法來說--

So the Cas9 -- I love to anthropomorphize --

so the Cas9 is kind of this Pac-Man thing

而「嚮導RNA」則是負責 將 Cas9 帶到特定RNA片段，

and the guide RNA is the leash that's keeping it out of the genome

until it finds the exact spot where it matches.

兩者結合就是所謂的「CRISPR」。

And the combination of those two is called CRISPR.

from an ancient, ancient bacterial immune system.

The part that's amazing about it is that the guide RNA,

So that's the part that is modular in the system;

所以是非常輕易卻有力的系統。

This makes it a remarkably easy and powerful system to use.

「Cas9 蛋白質」和「嚮導RNA」複合體

The guide RNA and the Cas9 protein complex together

找到符合「嚮導RNA」的位置時，

and when they find a spot where the guide RNA matches,

then it inserts between the two strands of the double helix,

「Cas9 蛋白質」負責分解片段。

because now it's got a piece of DNA that's broken.

第一種是找到斷裂的 DNA 把它塞回去。

The first just takes the DNA and shoves the two pieces back together.

because what happens is sometimes a base drops out

若只想把某個基因去除還可以，

It's an OK way to maybe, like, knock out a gene,

但要剪輯基因組卻不是 我們想的那麼簡單。

but it's not the way that we really want to do genome editing.

The second repair pathway is a lot more interesting.

大家知道，人的染色體是成對的，

And now mind you, in a diploid organism like people,

一半來自媽媽，一半來自爸爸，

we've got one copy of our genome from our mom and one from our dad,

it can use the other chromosome to repair it.

So now, you can put whatever you want in the center

更甚者，塞一段新的 DNA 進去，

but most importantly, you can stuff new DNA in,

in terms of the number of different scientific advances

The thing that's special about it is this modular targeting system.

將 DNA 植入有機體不是新技術。

I mean, we've been shoving DNA into organisms for years, right?

But because of the modular targeting system,

we can actually put it exactly where we want it.

The thing is that there's a lot of talk about it being cheap

I'm starting to get emails from people that say stuff like,

【TED】Ellen Jorgensen：關於CRISPR你需要知道什麼（What you need to know about CRISPR | Ellen Jorgensen）。 (【TED】Ellen Jorgensen: What you need to know about CRISPR (What you need to know about CRISPR | Ellen Jorgensen))

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【TED】Ellen Jorgensen：關於CRISPR你需要知道什麼（What you need to know about CRISPR | Ellen Jorgensen）。 (【TED】Ellen Jorgensen: What you need to know about CRISPR (What you need to know about CRISPR | Ellen Jorgensen))

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immune

tricky