Name: 芬蘭如何擊潰法西斯！ (How Finland defeated fascism)
Uploaded: 2026-01-30T17:16:38.000Z
Duration: 8 min 24 s

In the 1930s, a far right group in Finland captured this man, their former president, and

1930年代，芬蘭的一個極右翼團體逮捕了這位前總統，

程度副詞

took him and his wife from Helsinki to Hyonsu, a remote Finnish city almost 300 miles from their home.

並將他和他的妻子從赫爾辛基帶到離家將近300英里的偏遠芬蘭城市Hyonsu。

The group interrogated them, threatened them, and then released them.

這個團體審問並威脅他們，然後將他們釋放。

This was the Lapua movement, a violent, conservative political movement that almost pushed Finland into authoritarianism.

這就是Lapua movement，一個幾乎把芬蘭推向威權主義的暴力保守派政治運動。

Somehow they managed to stave off fascism, and they've remained a stable democracy ever since.

不知怎麼地，他們成功地避開了法西斯主義，從此維持著穩定的民主。

Today, Helsinki is a great city, capital of a nation that has stemmed the dangerous political currents sweeping the rest of Europe.

如今，赫爾辛基是一座偉大的城市，一個成功抵擋了席捲歐洲其他地區危險政治浪潮的國家的首都。

So how did Finland protect its democracy?

那麼，芬蘭是如何保護其民主的呢？

And is there something the world can learn from this moment in history?

世界是否能從這段歷史時刻學到些什麼？

To understand how we got there, let's go back to 1918.

為了了解我們是如何走到這一步的，讓我們回到1918年。

The recent rise in communism had countries terrified all over Europe, and Finland was no exception.

共產主義的興起讓歐洲各國都感到恐懼，芬蘭也不例外。

I do think that the history begins from the Finnish Civil War of 1918.

我認為歷史要從1918年的芬蘭內戰說起。

There were two sides, the Reds or the Communists versus the whites, the conservatives.

當時有兩派人馬，一邊是紅軍，也就是共產黨員，另一邊是白軍，也就是保守派。

And going forward, those colors are going to be important for keeping track.

接下來，這些顏色對我們理解後續發展很重要。

They clashed in the war with very heavy bloodletting.

兩派在戰爭中激烈交戰，造成了大量傷亡。

Finland broke away from Red Russia mercilessly exterminated its own red, and

芬蘭脫離紅色俄羅斯，無情地剷除了自己的紅軍，

in 1919 became at last an independent nation.

並在1919年終於成為一個獨立的國家。

And even though the whites won, a lot of people remained really nervous about communism in their country, especially with the new Soviet Union as their direct neighbor.

雖然白軍獲勝了，但很多人仍然對國家裡的共產主義感到非常緊張，特別是旁邊就是新成立的蘇聯。

Those most radical whites sought to create what was called a white Finland, which usually meant some kind of authoritarian state.

最激進的白軍試圖建立所謂的白色芬蘭，這通常意味著某種形式的威權國家。

And throughout the 1920s, we can see a simmering resentment against the republic.

而在整個1920年代，我們可以感受到一股對這個共和國的潛藏不滿。

And that all came to a head in 1929, in, you guessed it, Lapua.

而這一切都在1929年爆發，就在你猜到的，Lapua。

Lapua is in South Ostrobothnia, one of the most conservative regions in Finland.

Lapua 位於南奧斯特羅博特尼亞，是芬蘭最保守的地區之一。

So when a communist youth group holds a march there, they know exactly who they're provoking.

所以當一個共產主義青年團在那裡舉行遊行時，他們很清楚自己在挑釁誰。

That was the tinder that was that was needed to light the fire.

The rally was violently subdued and the Communist youth were thrown out.

集會遭到暴力鎮壓，共產主義青年被趕了出去。

So news of what happened in Lapua spread really quickly throughout the country, and

所以 Lapua 發生的事情很快就傳遍了全國，

it radicalized an entire nationalist faction of the whites, and it was called the Lapua Movement.

並且激進化了白軍中的整個民族主義派系，這就被稱為 Lapua movement。

Within a year, the Lapua Movement had populist support across the country.

一年之內，Lapua movement 就獲得了全國的民粹支持。

Their supporters included not just the far right, but

他們的支持者不僅包括極右翼，還有

also more center right and moderate elites, politicians and prominent business owners.

也包括了中間偏右和溫和派的菁英、政治人物和知名的企業主。

A lot of these more moderate elements thought that they could use the Lapua movement, harnessing their passion and their popularity.

許多這些比較溫和的份子認為，他們可以利用 Lapua movement，藉助他們的熱情和人氣。

And they were also hesitant to push back against them.

而且他們也不太敢去反對他們。

And there is one more group that we're going to have to keep an eye on they're called the Civic Guard.

還有一個團體我們必須密切注意，他們叫做公民衛隊。

They are an auxiliary defense force that trains its members in military tactics.

他們是輔助國防力量，訓練成員軍事戰術。

And they are also an organization which is there in case the Reds would rise again.

而且他們也是一個組織，以防紅軍再次崛起。

So they were naturally really sympathetic to the Lapua Movement's anti communist cause, but

所以他們自然而然地非常同情 Lapua movement 的反共訴求，但是

a lot of them didn't subscribe to their more authoritarian goals, which is something we're going to keep an eye on for later.

他們中的許多人並不認同他們更威權的目標，這也是我們之後要密切注意的。

By the summer of 1930, the Lapua movement planned a demonstration called the Peasants March.

到了 1930 年夏天，Lapua movement 計劃了一場名為「農民遊行」的示威活動。

And they had a really specific reference in mind, Benito Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922, when he used the threat of mass violence to pressure Italy's king into making him prime minister, bringing the fascists to power.

而且他們心裡有個非常明確的參考對象，那就是 1922 年貝尼託·墨索里尼的羅馬進軍，當時他利用大規模暴力的威脅，迫使義大利國王任命他為總理，從而將法西斯黨帶上權力寶座。

One just can't dismiss the importance of the March on Rome to the entire European contemporary far right.

羅馬進軍對整個歐洲當代極右翼的重要性，是絕對不能忽視的。

That's when they organized the so called Peasants March on Helsinki, sending tens of thousands of people into a demonstration that some of them hoped would actually turn into a couple.

這時候，他們就組織了所謂的「農民進軍赫爾辛基」，派出數萬人參與示威，其中一些人甚至希望這能演變成一場武裝衝突。

But instead the government met with them and passed laws that made communists ineligible for elections and criminalized communist propaganda.

但政府反而與他們會面，並通過了讓共產黨員失去參選資格並將共產主義宣傳定為犯罪的法律。

At this point, the Lapu movement was at the height of its power and support amongst the conservatives in Finland.

在這個階段，Lapua movement 在芬蘭保守派中的權力和支持達到了頂峰。

But at their core, they were a violent and extremist group.

但說到底，他們是一個暴力且極端的團體。

And it continued to be driven in part by radical members who acted independently and without restraint.

而且它持續受到一部分激進成員的驅動，這些成員獨立行動且不受約束。

And they showed absolute intolerance for those who opposed them.

他們對反對他們的人表現出絕對的不容忍。

Kidnappings really became their hallmark.

You kidnapped someone who you thought a sympathizer of the left or a member of the political left.

你綁架了你認為是左翼同情者或左翼份子的人。

And then the persons were usually taken by car or by some other means towards the east, towards the Soviet Union.

然後這些人通常會被汽車或其他方式帶往東邊，帶往蘇聯。

If you're a communist, you don't belong in Finland.

如果你是共產黨員，你就不屬於芬蘭。

And then in October of 1930, the radicals of the Lapua Movement kidnapped someone who wasn't just an ordinary rival.

接著在1930年10月，Lapua movement 的激進份子綁架了一位不只是普通對手的人。

That's the guy you saw at the beginning of the video.

就是你在影片開頭看到的那個人。

And not only was he a former president, he was the first president of Finland's republic.

他不但是前總統，還是芬蘭共和國的第一任總統。

And for a lot of people, that went a step too far.

對很多人來說，這就太超過了。

That clearly was a provocation by the movement.

這顯然是這個運動的一種挑釁。

That went against the sense of decency of most of those supporters even.

這甚至讓大部分支持者都覺得太過分了。

And that marks the decline of the movement.

And in the 1931 elections, the Lapua Movement made their last real political gain.

在 1931 年的選舉中，Lapua movement 獲得了他們最後一次真正的政治影響力。

They managed to help tip a close presidential election in favor of P.E. svenefoot.

他們成功地幫助贏得了一場勢均力敵的總統選舉，讓 P.E. svenefoot 當選。

P.E. svinnowoet is then elected President of the republic.

P.E. svinnowoet 隨後當選為共和國總統。

And he's the absolute darling of the political right.

I even found this really interesting photo of Svenefoet at the peasants March.

我甚至找到了一張 Svenefoet 參加農民遊行的有趣照片。

So we know that he really was participating in the Lapua Movement.

所以我們知道他確實參與了 Lapua movement。

But Svenefoet was also more traditional than the radical whites.

但 Svenefoet 也比激進的白軍更傳統。

In the end, Svenud will back the republic and the law and rule of law, rather than any hopes and dreams of the most radical whites.

最終，Svenud 會支持共和國和法律與法治，而不是激進白軍的任何希望和夢想。

So in 1932, even though the president they had helped elect was in power, the Lapua Movement wasn't getting what they wanted.

所以到了1932年，即使他們幫選的總統已經上任，Lapua movement 還是沒有得到他們想要的。

In a final act of desperation, they tried to stage a coup.

在絕望的最後一搏中，他們試圖發動政變。

A group gathered in Mansala, near Helsinki, with the goal of gathering the Civic Guard to march on the capital and overthrow the Republic.

一群人在赫爾辛基附近的曼薩拉集結，目標是召集公民衛隊進軍首都，推翻共和國。

But when they called on the Civic Guard, something else happened that they had never considered.

但當他們呼喚公民衛隊時，發生了另一件他們從未想過的事。

The majority of the Civic Guards do not respond to the call for uprising.

大多數公民衛隊都沒有響應起義的呼喚。

No one goes anywhere and will stay at home and will stand down.

沒有人會去任何地方，他們會待在家裡，並且會罷手。

然後就是壓垮駱駝的最後一根稻草。

The Lapua Movement's former darling, President Svinnafud, gave a radio address telling the group to stand down.

Lapua movement 過去的寵兒，總統 Svinnafud，發表了廣播演說，要他們罷手。

You could name it the swan song of the Lapua Movement.

你可以稱之為 Lapua movement 的輓歌。

And just like that, the violent extremist group was done.

就這樣，這個激進的極端組織就結束了。

They lost the support of the masses, the politicians and the military.

他們失去了大眾、政客和軍隊的支持。

And Finnish democracy has been stable ever since.

從此之後，芬蘭的民主就一直很穩定。

Fascism and communism have been rejected by democratic Finns.

法西斯主義和共產主義都被民主的芬蘭人唾棄了。

Some of the details and events of the Lapua movement have uncomfortable echoes with recent experiences in the us.

Lapua movement 的一些細節和事件，跟美國最近的經歷有令人不安的呼應。

Democracy at one level is a about the rule of the people.

民主在某個層面上，是關於人民的統治。

It's about elections, it's about popular involvement.

是關於選舉，是關於大眾的參與。

But in order to sustain that project of popular engagement and popular decision making, you need to have unelected officials who manage the guardrails.

但為了維持這種大眾參與和決策的項目，你需要有非民選的官員來管理邊界。

I think this places a spotlight on the question of who appoints officials.

我覺得這點突顯了誰來任命官員的問題。

Because one of the things we forget, or at least take for granted, is how many non partisan systems you have to have in place to have a healthy democracy.

因為我們常常忘記，或者至少認為理所當然的是，要維持健康的民主，需要有多少非黨派的系統在運作。

But one of the largest reasons the Lapu movement failed was because it crossed the line.

但 Lapua movement 失敗最大的原因之一，就是它越界了。

It became too violent and too extreme too quickly.

它太快就變得太暴力、太極端。

So it lost mass support and with it the elites.

所以它失去了大眾的支持，也失去了精英的支持。

And there's one more key lesson from the Lapua Movement that is thankfully a lot more hopeful.

而 Lapua movement 還有一個關鍵的教訓，幸好是比較有希望的。

We remember the fascists of Italy and the Nazis of Germany.

我們記得義大利的法西斯和德國的納粹。

But in reality, almost every European European country had their own far right movements and organizations which all dreamed of taking state power won either through violence or through some other means, and

但事實上，幾乎每個歐洲國家都有自己的極右翼運動和組織，它們都夢想著透過暴力或其他手段奪取國家權力，而且