Name: 科學家如何對抗冠狀病毒。三分鐘指南 (How scientists are fighting the coronavirus: A three minute guide)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T08:40:37.000Z
Duration: 3 min 50 s
Description: 【看影片學英語】數萬部 YouTube 影片，搭配英漢字典即點即查，輕鬆掌握單字發音與用法，長久累積看電影不必再看字幕。學這些英文用法：武漢肺炎,新型冠狀病毒,新冠肺炎,COVID-19

The novel coronavirus has been declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organisation.

And what can science do to help control the outbreak?

Epidemiologists are on the front line, trying to understand how and why the virus is spreading.

They gather data on the timing and location of new cases, where new infections are coming from and how long symptoms take to appear.

These data go into models that can predict how fast the infection might spread.

This is critical for both creating containment plans, and assessing whether counter-measures are actually working.

By looking at the patterns of spread,  epidemiologists can infer the mode of transmission, such as in saliva or through the air.

Epidemiologists also need to know whether people who are infected but not showing symptoms could still pass on the disease, something which would make this coronavirus harder to wipe out.

Understanding the source of the virus is also important.

The virus likely originated in an animal before jumping to a human host.

Genetic analysis of samples taken from the market in Wuhan, where the outbreak started, could tell scientists which animal and help prevent future outbreaks.

Understanding how the virus spreads is a vital first step for containing it, but scientists also need to know how the virus itself functions.

Across the world, virologists are scrambling to get their hands on physical samples of the novel coronavirus.

This work involves growing the virus in cultured cells and infecting animals in order to study it closely.

Virologists can measure the survival time of the virus in droplets like those from a cough or a sneeze.

Animal models may show how the infection actually gets passed between individuals.

And working out the structure of viral proteins and the identity of the receptors they use to enter cells could inform potential treatments.

The genome of the virus can also hold clues.

Genetic sequences from dozens of patient samples are publicly available and have already been used to develop diagnostic tests.

But actual samples – in human cell cultures and animal models - will be needed to test vaccines and drugs.

This is where biomedical science comes in.

Drug development is a slow process, so researchers are having to work fast to find therapies for this new threat.

One of the most powerful tools biomedical scientists could develop is a vaccine, but this is a longer term solution.

A more imminent possibility is to inject patients with antibodies against the virus.

Finding antibodies that recognise it might not be so difficult, but mass producing enough antibodies,  even for trials, could take months.

These are small molecules that interfere with viral replication, but developing them from scratch takes years.

So researchers are hoping that drugs already developed to treat things like HIV, could prove effective and trials have already started.

If counter-measures fail, coronavirus could become what's called 'endemic', recurring regularly like the flu.

That would make it extremely hard to eradicate.

Fighting this outbreak will require a range of scientific tools, from genetic sequencing to mathematical modelling.

And for all of that, researchers need data.

Many publishers and labs have made commitments to make all research free to access, encouraging collaboration and prioritising global health.

Time will tell how successful it will be.