Name: 俄羅斯虛假資訊運動背後的策略 | DW分析 (The strategy behind Russia's disinformation campaigns | DW Analysis)
Uploaded: 2022-05-18T00:50:38.000Z
Duration: 11 min 51 s

基礎被動語態

the Russian government is not known for relenting to criticism of its actions.

俄羅斯政府並不以對其行動的責備有所鬆動而聞名。

情態副詞

But in recent weeks, the massacre in both Russia and Ukraine blamed internationally on Russia's forces made us think about Moscow's reaction.

但在最近幾周，俄羅斯和烏克蘭的大屠殺都被國際上歸咎於俄羅斯的軍隊，這讓我們思考莫斯科的反應。

Is there a playbook for how the Kremlin spreads disinformation when it's at the center of a global outcry?

當克里姆林宮處於全球呼聲的中心時，是否有一本關於克里姆林宮如何傳播虛假資訊的遊戲手冊？

We have found free tactics that it has used again and again.

我們已經發現了它一再使用的免費戰術。

First up spreading confusion with massive amounts of misleading information.

首先是用大量的誤導性資訊散佈混亂。

The aim appears to be to muddy the waters for those who want to know more.

其目的似乎是為那些想了解更多情況的人攪渾水。

Yeah, Russia's mass deployment of this information and propaganda has a long history by now.

是的，俄羅斯大規模部署這種資訊和宣傳，到現在已經有很長的歷史了。

That includes its attempts to influence the 2016 us elections.

這包括它試圖影響2016年美國選舉。

It's on Twitter Facebook Instagram, YouTube and Tiktok and usually the tone is aggressive and tries to deflect How propaganda works is that it's not always 100% lie.

它在Twitter Facebook Instagram、YouTube和Tiktok上，通常語氣咄咄逼人，試圖轉移宣傳的作用是，它不總是100%的謊言。

It's usually would take some percentage of true fact in each country.

這通常會在每個國家採取一些百分比的真實事實。

Joe Ukrainian forces shooting captured Russian troops.

喬烏克蘭部隊射擊被俘的俄羅斯部隊。

These claims have been largely ignored by Western powers.

這些主張在很大程度上被西方大國所忽視。

How do you explain a ban on kiddies from this country act international exhibitions.

你如何解釋禁止這個國家的孩子們參加國際展覽。

So what you're saying is that things just aren't adding up as they as they should, especially what the western media is saying.

所以你的意思是，事情並不像他們應該的那樣，特別是西方媒體所說的那樣。

Yeah, I think the major, the major strategy that we see there is casting doubt is questioning everything.

是的，我認為主要的，我們在那裡看到的主要策略是製造懷疑，是質疑一切。

And the propaganda aim of propaganda is to uh, to see this doubt that this impression that arises, That, you know, there is no truth.

而宣傳的目的是，看到這種懷疑，這種印象的產生，即，你知道，沒有真理。

The truth is an illusion that we can see it from different angles.

真相是一種幻覺，我們可以從不同的角度看到它。

Many pieces of this information even contradict themselves.

這些資訊中的許多部分甚至是自相矛盾的。

When Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny fell sick on a plane in 2020, suspicion quickly fell in the Kremlin for possibly ordering his poisoning.

2020年，當俄羅斯反對派領導人阿列克謝-納瓦爾尼在飛機上病倒時，克里姆林宮迅速對其可能下令投毒一事產生懷疑。

But according to Russian officials, Navalny poisoned himself and was working with America's C.

但據俄羅斯官員稱，納瓦爾尼是自己投毒，並與美國的C公司合作。

Russian doctors give an entirely different explanation.

俄羅斯醫生給出了一個完全不同的解釋。

Investigative report, suspected Russian spies confessed to lacing Navalny's underwear with poison with many different versions of the same story.

調查報告顯示，被懷疑是俄羅斯間諜的人承認在納瓦爾尼的內褲上塗抹毒藥，同一故事有許多不同的版本。

A lot of contradictions arise, but these contradictions don't really matter.

出現了很多矛盾，但這些矛盾其實並不重要。

The goal is not a coherent narrative but rather to sow uncertainty as to the truth with all these views out there, Who knows what's right?

目標不是連貫的敘事，而是播下對真相的不確定性，外面有這麼多觀點，誰知道什麼是正確的？

It's basically the main instrument uh, presenting unpleasant things inside Russia itself would like really kill Navalny.

它基本上是主要的工具，呃，在俄羅斯內部提出不愉快的事情，本身就像真的殺死納瓦爾尼。

We are effective enough to do so well to kill him.

我們有足夠的效力，可以做得很好，以殺死他。

So it was, it was not, it was not us because otherwise he would be there for a long time ago.

所以它是，它不是，它不是我們，因為否則他早就在那裡了。

So if he would like really to fight the war in Ukraine the key, it was an our hands because we are so well being a military machine and so on.

是以，如果他真的想在烏克蘭打仗，關鍵是我們的手，因為我們是如此好的軍事機器，等等。

So we just offers several contradicting questions and yes, people's minds are confused adding to the confusion is another tactic often deployed by Russian propagandists copying the look and feel of current media reports from respected outlets when the BBC and the new york times used open source investigations to learn more about the killings perpetrated in boots, to Ukraine, the Russian Foreign Ministry, she had videos that pretended to use a similar approach.

是以，我們只是提供了幾個相互矛盾的問題，是的，人們的思想是混亂的，增加混亂是俄羅斯宣傳者經常部署的另一種策略，複製當前媒體報道的外觀和感覺，從受人尊敬的管道，當BBC和紐約時報使用開放源碼調查，以瞭解更多關於在靴子中犯下的殺戮，到烏克蘭，俄羅斯外交部，她有視頻，假裝使用類似的方法。

However, Mr Zelensky did leave out many photos of the deceased wearing white armbands.

然而，澤倫斯基先生確實漏掉了許多死者佩戴白色臂章的照片。

The Russian government and pro Russian accounts claimed the situation was staged and that somebody's were moving at DW investigation, found no proof.

俄羅斯政府和親俄羅斯的賬戶聲稱這種情況是偽造的，有人在DW調查中動了手腳，沒有找到證據。

The massacre in Buka had been staged in any way copying the style of trusted, well known news outlets and tactically pretending to use the same investigative methods makes it harder for audiences to work out what's actually true.

布卡的大屠殺以任何方式複製了值得信賴的知名新聞機構的風格，並在戰術上假裝使用相同的調查方法，使觀眾更難弄清什麼是真正的事實。

Another element of Russia's reaction to Western critique seems to be to turn the allegations around rather than defend itself.

俄羅斯對西方責備的另一個反應似乎是扭轉指控，而不是為自己辯護。

It shifts the focus through attacks, bold responses of strength and disinformation like this is how they view the world in general, so you should be strong no matter what, How can you show that you are strong by telling I don't care about your opinion.

它通過攻擊、力量的大膽迴應和虛假的資訊來轉移焦點，比如他們一般是這樣看待世界的，所以無論如何你都應該堅強，你怎麼能通過告訴我不關心你的意見來表明你是堅強的。

So Mirroring is just One of the techniques used to show that you are strong.

是以，鏡像只是用來顯示你很強大的技巧之一。

Like I don't care if you find my arguments convincing after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, Western nations hit Moscow with sanctions, Russia hit back with sanctions of its own banning many food products from europe and the US This move actually heard everyday Russians as food prices grew, the Kremlin even went as far as destroying food already imported in the country, a display of strength and indifference to Western sanctions.

就像我不在乎你是否覺得我的論點有說服力一樣，2014年俄羅斯吞併克里米亞後，西方國家用制裁打擊莫斯科，俄羅斯用自己的制裁進行反擊，禁止許多食品來自歐洲和美國，此舉實際上聽到了俄羅斯人的日常聲音，因為食品價格上漲，克里姆林宮甚至不惜銷燬該國已經進口的食品，顯示了實力和對西方制裁的漠視。

The same defiance is visible now in Putin's reactions to the West's much more severe sanctions against Russia as well as weapons for Ukraine And after opposition leader Navalny was poisoned in 2020, Putin stressed that if the Russian government with all its power actually wanted someone dead, it would of course succeed with the cancer, a tweet from the Syrian civil war takes it further rather than defend itself against the criticism of the support it has provided to the assad regime here.

現在，在普京對西方對俄羅斯更為嚴厲的制裁以及對烏克蘭的武器的反應中，也可以看到同樣的蔑視。而在反對派領導人納瓦爾尼在2020年被毒死後，普京強調，如果俄羅斯政府以其所有的力量真的想要某人死亡，它當然會成功的癌症，一條來自敘利亞內戰的推特更進一步，而不是為自己在這裡向阿薩德政權提供支持的責備辯護。

Russia takes a key Western critic with made up evidence.

俄羅斯用編造的證據抓走了一名關鍵的西方批評家。

In 2017, the Russian Defense Ministry accused the us of covering or colluding with ISIS combat units in Syria.

2017年，俄羅斯國防部指責美國掩護或勾結敘利亞的ISIS作戰部隊。

But the pictures in the tweet, we're not even from Syria, but Iraq and one picture wasn't from a war at all but a screenshot from a video game.

但推文中的圖片，我們甚至不是來自敘利亞，而是來自伊拉克，有一張圖片根本不是來自戰爭，而是一個視頻遊戲的截圖。

The Kremlin spokespeople also tend to attack opposing views, moving the focus away from the allegations themselves, they like to imply or point out that the West is just as bad as it accuses Russia of being this narrative can be found scattered for different pro Kremlin sites, often with misleading information.

克里姆林宮發言人還傾向於攻擊反對意見，將焦點從指控本身轉移開來，他們喜歡暗示或指出西方國家就像它指責俄羅斯一樣糟糕這種敘述可以散見於不同的親克里姆林宮網站，往往有誤導性資訊。

You might not get suspicious when you read about a fake popular uprising or this fake article about the George Floyd protests.

當你讀到假的民眾起義或這篇關於喬治-弗洛伊德抗議的假文章時，你可能不會起疑心。

But all of these websites can be linked to Russia.

但所有這些網站都可以與俄羅斯聯繫起來。

The false narratives they spread are taking on a life of their own Vladimir Putin's strategy seems to be working every time they are faced with criticism and even officials?

他們散佈的虛假敘事有了自己的生命力，普京的策略似乎在每次面對責備甚至是官員時都能發揮作用？

They are trying to turn it the other way around.

So on one hand, they silently acknowledge that okay, you can you can have these arguments.

所以一方面，他們默默地承認，好吧，你可以你可以有這些爭論。

But what about this issue in this particular eu member state?

但在這個特定的歐盟成員國中，這個問題又是怎麼回事呢？

Not respecting the rights of black people for example.

So they are trying to twist it, turn it link it to something problematic which is going on in individual european or western societies.

所以他們試圖扭曲它，把它與歐洲或西方社會中發生的一些問題聯繫起來。

A hallmark of Russia's use of disinformation and propaganda is its big picture purpose and the use of history to try to legitimize Russia's actions no matter the costs.

俄羅斯使用虛假資訊和宣傳的一個特點是其大局觀，並利用歷史來試圖使俄羅斯的行動合法化，而不計代價。

Yeah, I think what has to understand that propaganda is something that is very like long term thing.

是的，我認為必須理解，宣傳是非常像長期的事情。

It is kind of it's something that in fact builds like the whole other world view like a filter on on on a reality.

這是一種它的東西，事實上建立了像整個其他的世界觀，就像一個過濾器在一個現實上。

This means delegitimizing those who might be perceived as the enemy within the propaganda narrative by labeling them as nazis or terrorists.

這意味著通過給那些可能被認為是宣傳敘事中的敵人貼上納粹或恐怖分子的標籤，使他們失去合法性。

The Kremlin has called its invasion of Ukraine.

克里姆林宮稱其對烏克蘭的入侵。

Not an invasion, but rather a special operation to disarm Ukraine of Nazis and fascists.

這不是一次入侵，而是一次解除烏克蘭納粹和法西斯分子武裝的特別行動。

Rt's editor in Chief, even linked europe and its response to Russia to the Nazis of World War Two and Russia to the persecuted, jews like why is this obsession with Nazis, why all these rhetorics from the World War Two, from the time after the World War Two denazification demilitarization.

Rt的主編，甚至把歐洲和它對俄羅斯的反應與二戰中的納粹聯繫起來，把俄羅斯與受迫害的猶太人聯繫起來，比如為什麼對納粹如此痴迷，為什麼所有這些修辭來自二戰，來自二戰後非軍事化的時間。

Um yes, that's uh that's all actually has to do with Instrumental ization of the past that has been going on in Russia in the past years.

嗯，是的，那是呃，那是所有實際上與過去的工具化有關的，在過去的幾年裡，俄羅斯一直在進行。

That the regime instrumental eyes is the memory and the trauma of uh the Second World War Two.

該政權的工具性眼睛是記憶和呃第二次世界大戰的創傷。

Um to mobilize people more broadly, Russian propaganda portrays Western nations as failing in general predicting their downfall.

嗯，為了更廣泛地動員人們，俄羅斯的宣傳將西方國家描繪成失敗的一般，預測它們的衰落。

Today, we discussed the decline of the american empire in the new global order.

今天，我們討論了美帝國在全球新秩序中的衰落。

We ask, what does the transition from a uni polar western hegemony to an interconnected, multi polar world?

我們要問的是，從單極的西方霸權到多極的相互聯繫的世界的過渡是什麼？

Really look like there is largely widespread narrative that the Western era is going to the, to an end that West is in decline.

真的看起來，基本上有一種廣泛的說法，即西方時代即將結束，西方正在走向衰落。

The war in Ukraine has now put the Russian disinformation campaign into overdrive at home.

烏克蘭的戰爭現在已經使俄羅斯的虛假宣傳活動在國內進入了超速狀態。

Anyone who questions the Kremlin narrative risks being gagged, blacklisted or thrown into jail abroad.

任何質疑克里姆林宮說法的人都有可能被堵住嘴、列入黑名單或被扔到國外監獄。

 Russia often successfully manipulates the international media landscape, leaving the public confused and leaders in the West slow to react with Russians increasingly unable to access independent information. 

俄羅斯經常成功地操縱國際媒體格局，使公眾感到困惑，西方領導人反應遲鈍，俄羅斯人越來越無法獲得獨立資訊。