I'm Adam.

我是亞當

Today's lesson is an IELTS lesson, so as usual, I'll be speaking a little bit faster than

今天的課程是雅思課程，所以和往常一樣，我的語速會比

normal, give you a little bit of listening practice.

正常的，給你一點聽力練習。

And today we're going to look at specifically the essay types, the types of essays you're

而今天我們就來具體看看作文的類型，你的作文類型是什麼？

going to have to come across for those of you taking the IELTS test in the writing section

將不得不為你們這些參加雅思考試的人在寫作部分遇到的問題

task two, the independent essay.

任務二，獨立作文。

I'm going to talk about the types of essays, and a very general idea, a very general discussion

我講講作文的類型，還有一個很籠統的想法，很籠統的討論。

about how to approach, generally again, the essay.

關於如何對待，一般又是作文。

I want to make...

我想做...

Talk about templates, but I'll do that a little bit later.

談談模板，但我以後會做一點。

So first of all, the main thing to remember, you have essentially three types of essays

所以首先，主要要記住，你的文章基本上有三種類型。

that you're going to come across on the IELTS writing test.

你在雅思寫作考試中會遇到的。

You're going to have an essay that asks for an opinion, you're going to have an essay

你要有一篇徵求意見的作文，你要有一篇作文。

that does not ask for an opinion, and then you're going to have a hybrid, you're going

不問意見，然後你會有一個混合，你會。

to have a combination of the two.

要有兩者的結合。

Okay?

好嗎？

So first let's go over the types of questions you might see that ask for an opinion.

所以首先讓我們來看看你可能看到的詢問意見的問題類型。

Now, it's very important to recognize that not all of you...

現在，非常重要的是要認識到，不是所有的人... ...

Sorry, not all of the questions are going to be specifically mentioning the word: "opinion",

對不起，不是所有的問題都會特別提到一個詞："意見"。

or "think", or "believe", but you still have to recognize.

或 "認為"，或 "相信"，但你還是要認。

So: "Do you agree or disagree with whatever has been mentioned before?" or whatever is

所以。"你是否同意或不同意之前提到的任何事情？" 或者不管是什麼

written there.

寫在那裡。

"Do you agree or disagree?"

"你同意還是不同意？"

Take a side.

站在一邊。

"I agree with this because", reasons.

"我同意這樣做是因為"，理由。

"I disagree because", reasons.

"我不同意，因為"，理由。

And similarly: "To what extent do you agree or disagree?"

同樣地，"你同意或不同意的程度如何？"

A quick word about "to what extent", I personally recommend completely, totally, fully agree

關於 "到什麼程度 "的問題，我個人建議完全、完全、完全同意。

with whatever you agree with because it's a much easier essay to write.

與你認同的任何東西，因為這是更容易寫的文章。

If you say: "I somewhat agree", then you have to look at both sides and tell me what you

如果你說："我有點同意"，那你就得看清楚兩邊的情況，然後告訴我你的意思。

agree with, what you disagree with.

同意的，不同意的。

If you say: "I completely agree with this idea", then you only have to focus on that

如果你說："我完全同意這個想法"，"我完全同意這個想法"，那麼你只需要專注於這一點即可

idea.

觀念。

It's much easier.

這就簡單多了。

"Do you think" something, so this is a very direct question about your opinion.

"你認為 "什麼，所以這是一個很直接的問題，問你的看法。

"What do you think about this?" or "What do you think are the causes of", "What do you

"你怎麼看這件事？"或 "你認為是什麼原因造成的"、"你有什麼

think are the main issues or problems?"

認為是主要的問題或難題？"

Now: "Do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks", or: "Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?"

現在："利大於弊"，或："是否利大於弊"，或者說："是否利大於弊？"

As soon as you see, here, the word: "Do", it's a yes/no question, you have to say yes

只要你看到，這裡的 "做 "字，就是一個 "是"/"不是 "的問題，你必須說 "是

or no, and we're going to talk about yes/no questions.

或不，我們將討論是/否的問題。

But this word: "outweigh"...

但這個詞："重於"... ...

"Are there more drawbacks or are there more benefits?"

"是弊端多還是好處多？"

This is an opinion question.

這是一道意見題。

You decide if there are more drawbacks or opinions.

你決定是缺點多還是意見多。

"Which is better: This situation or this situation?"

"哪個更好。這種情況還是這種情況？"

Okay?

好嗎？

"Is it more important to do this or to do that?"

"是做這個更重要還是做那個更重要？"

So, again, these are all yes/no...

所以，同樣，這些都是yes/no... ...

This is a choice question because you have the "better", you have the comparative.

這是一道選擇題，因為你有 "更好"，你有比較。

And, again, you have this, plus the yes/no.

而且，你又有這個，再加上是/不是。

So as soon as it's a yes/no question, it's an opinion question.

所以只要是是/否的問題，就是意見題。

Make sure that you answer very specifically yes or no, this side or this side, and say

一定要非常具體地回答是或不是，這邊或這邊，並表示

why you think so.

為什麼你這麼認為。

Support your opinion.

支持你的觀點。

And yes/no, if a question begins with: "Should some...

如果一個問題的開頭是："有些人是否應該...

Should somebody do something?", "Should this be done?", "Do...

應該有人做什麼嗎？"，"應該這樣做嗎？"，"做... ...

Do people need to do this?" for example.

人們需要這樣做嗎？"例如。

Excuse me.

對不起，請原諒

Any yes/no question is asking for an opinion.

任何一個 "是"/"否 "的問題都是在徵求意見。

Okay?

好嗎？

Make sure that you give an opinion, make sure that you support that opinion.

確保你給出的意見，確保你支持這個意見。

Okay, now, let's go on to the non-opinion questions.

好了，現在，我們繼續討論非觀點問題。

"Discuss", so they're going to give you two attitudes, or two views, or two approaches

"討論"，所以他們要給你兩種態度，或者兩種觀點，或者兩種方法。

to something.

到的東西。

They say: "Discuss both views.

他們說："討論兩種觀點。

Discuss both attitudes."

討論這兩種態度。"

This is not asking for your opinion.

這不是在徵求你的意見。

So, one thing, it's a general rule of thumb, don't always apply it because some of you

所以，有一點，這是一個總的經驗法則，不要因為你們中的一些人，就總是應用它。

don't like to use the word "I", but if the question has a "you", the answer can, and

不喜歡用 "我 "字，但如果問題中有 "你"，答案可以，而且

in most cases should, have an "I".

在大多數情況下，應該有一個 "I"。

Okay?

好嗎？

You don't have to use the personal pronoun.

你不必用人稱代詞。

It's not wrong to.

這並沒有錯。

A lot of people are afraid, they think academic essays shouldn't use "I".

很多人害怕，他們認為學術論文不應該用 "我"。

Totally okay, recommended for a lot of people.

完全可以，推薦給很多人。

If you can't make your views clear without using the "I", then use the "I".

如果不用 "我 "字，就不能把自己的觀點說清楚，那就用 "我 "字。

Here, don't use the "I".

這裡，不要用 "我"。

They're not asking for your opinion, don't give them your opinion.

他們不是在問你的意見，不要給他們意見。

This is a descriptive essay: "Discuss both sides", so this is one side, this is the other

這是一篇描述性的文章。"正反兩方面"，所以這是一方，這是另一方。

side, end of story.

邊，故事結束。

I'm going to show you how to begin your essay in the introduction for these.

下面我就來告訴大家，對於這些作文，如何在導語中開頭。

"Compare and contrast these two things", that's it.

"對比一下這兩件事"，就是這樣。

Body paragraph one, this one; body paragraph two, this one.

體段一，這一段；體段二，這一段。

"What are the advantages and disadvantages?"

"有什麼優勢和劣勢？"

Body paragraph one, advantages; body paragraph two, disadvantages.

正文第一段，優點；正文第二段，缺點。

That's it.

就這樣吧

Problem/solution: "What are the causes" or "What are the problems", so you have cause

問題/解決方案。"原因是什麼 "或 "問題是什麼"，所以你有原因。

and solution, you have problem and solution.

和解決方案，你有問題和解決方案。

"What might be some possible causes for this situation?", "What do you think are the problems

"造成這種情況的原因可能有哪些？"、"你認為存在的問題是什麼？

with this approach?"

用這種方法？"

That's it.

就這樣吧

What solutions might actually work to help it?

有什麼解決方案可能真正能幫助它？

They're not asking: What solution would you recommend?

他們不問。你會推薦什麼解決方案？

If they put a "you", you're going to put an "I", an opinion.

如果他們放一個 "你"，你就要放一個 "我"，一個意見。

If they don't put a "you", and they don't ask for an opinion, don't give one.

如果他們不加一個 "你"，也不問意見，就不要給。

Now: "Why", "What", "How", these are very direct questions.

現在。"為什麼"、"是什麼"、"怎麼做"，這些都是非常直接的問題。

"Why are...?", "Why does this thing happen?", "How can the government help fix this problem?"

"為什麼會......？"、"為什麼會發生這個事情？"、"政府如何幫助解決這個問題？"

etc.

等等。

"What are some solutions to this situation?"

"對於這種情況，有什麼解決辦法？"

Now, these are more commonly going to be found in the two-part question.

現在，這些都是比較常見的會出現在兩部分的問題中。

All of these are very straightforward question, this is mostly in the two-part.

這些都是很直接的問題，這個主要是在兩部分。

So, some essays will give you two questions and you have to answer both questions within

所以，有些作文會給你兩道題，你必須在這兩道題內回答

the essay.

的文章。

Okay?

好嗎？

Now, you can also have a hybrid, which is basically taking the non-opinion and asking

現在，你也可以有一個混合型的，這基本上是把非觀點和問

for an opinion.

徵求意見。

"Discuss both views and give your opinion."

"討論兩種觀點，提出你的意見。"

Make sure that you do both, but the approach is very different.

一定要做到這兩點，但方法很不一樣。

"Discuss both without opinion" and "Discuss both with opinion", very different approach

"有意見的討論 "和 "有意見的討論"，截然不同的方法。

to the essay.

到論文。

Now, this is usually the one that's most difficult for people to do because they don't know how

現在，這通常是一個最困難的人做，因為他們不知道如何。

to break up their essays.

來打破他們的作文。

But if you want to see how I work through both types of essays, go to my writing channel:

但如果你想看我如何通過這兩種類型的文章，請到我的寫作頻道。

www.writetotop.com or YouTube "Write To Top", the link is in the description and you can

www.writetotop.com 或 YouTube "Write To Top"，鏈接在描述中，你可以。

watch me work through both types of essays, hopefully help you out.

看我通過這兩種類型的文章，希望對你有所幫助。

Okay?

好嗎？

Same thing with "compare".

和 "比較 "一樣。

"Compare both sides and say which you agree with.", "What are the advantages and disadvantages,

"比較一下兩邊的情況，說說你同意哪個。"、"有什麼優點和缺點。

and which do you think is more?" for example.

和你認為哪個更多？"例如。

Problems and solutions: "What are some possible problems to this situation, and what do you

問題和解決方案。"這種情況可能存在的問題有哪些？

think are ways to fix it?"

認為是解決的方法？"

So, all of these can be...

所以，所有這些都可以...

Have the opinion part added to it.

有意見部分加進去。

Okay?

好嗎？

So be very careful.

所以要非常小心。

If you're asked for an opinion, give one; if you're not asked for one, don't give one.

如果有人問你意見，就給一個；如果沒有人問你意見，就不要給。

If you're asked for a descriptive essay and an opinion, make sure you do both.

如果要求你寫一篇描述性的文章和觀點，一定要做到兩全其美。

Okay?

好嗎？

So we're going to look at a little bit...

所以我們要看一下... ...

How to begin your essays, how to introduce...

作文如何開頭，如何介紹...

Introduce both sides in a very general set up of your ideas and how to organize.

用很籠統的方式介紹雙方的想法和如何組織。

Okay?

好嗎？

Okay, so we're going to look at basic things to keep in mind when you're writing these

好了，所以我們要看一下基本的東西，當你寫這些時，要記住

essays, but the main thing I want to make very clear to everybody: Don't look for a

作文，但最主要的是我想跟大家說得很清楚。不要找一個

template for the essay.

作文的模板。

Every question will require its own approach, its own way of looking at the topic, at the

每一個問題都需要有自己的方法，有自己看題目的方式，在。

question and the issue, debate, whatever it is, and you have to approach each essay on

問題和問題，辯論，不管是什麼，你都要對待每一篇文章的問題。

its own.

自己的。

Don't look for a template that you can try to apply to every question because you can't.

不要找一個模板，你可以嘗試適用於每一個問題，因為你不能。

Every type of question has its own approach, every type of...

每一種題型都有自己的方法，每一種題型...

Every hybrid, for example, has different ways to do it.

比如說，每一個混血兒，都有不同的方法。

There's no one right way to write an essay.

作文沒有一個正確的寫法。

There's only one right way to express your ideas,

只有一種正確的方式來表達你的想法。

that's what you try to figure out how to do. Right?

這就是你想弄清楚怎麼做。對吧？

But the more you practice, the better feel you get for these essays, and you're able

但你越練，對這些作文的感覺就越好，你就能做到

to approach any question with the right things.

要用正確的東西來對待任何問題。

But having said all of that, a few things to keep in mind.

不過說了這麼多，有幾點要注意。

If you're asked for an opinion, make sure you give an opinion in the introduction: "I

如果有人問你意見，一定要在介紹中給出意見。"I

agree that" or "I agree with", "I believe that", "In my opinion this is the right way".

同意 "或 "我同意"、"我相信"、"在我看來這是正確的方法"；

Make sure you do this.

一定要這樣做。

Now, you don't have to use "I", again, I mentioned this before, but if you're not sure how to

現在，你不必使用 "我"，再次，我以前提到過，但如果你不確定如何使用。

make your opinion very clear to the reader, just tell it to them very directly.

把你的意見很清楚地告訴讀者，就很直接地告訴他們。

"I agree", "I believe", "In my opinion", etc.

"我同意"、"我相信"、"我認為 "等。

Now, how are you going to build your argument basically in your body paragraphs?

現在，你要如何在你的正文段落中基本建立你的論點？

Start with your strong argument first in the body paragraph, try to focus only on the side

首先在正文段中開始提出你的強勢論點，儘量只關注側面的內容

you're arguing for.

你爭論的。

So if you agree with side A, spend the time and the words in body paragraph one to convince

所以，如果你同意甲方的觀點，就在正文第一段花時間和文字去說服對方

the reader that side A is a good side to choose.

讀者認為A面是一個好的選擇。

In side B, in body paragraph two when you're looking at side B, start with a concession.

在B面，在正文第二段中，當你在看B面的時候，首先要有一個讓步。

What this means...

這意味著...

And talk about side B. What are some good points about the other side?

再談談乙方，對方有什麼優點？

But make sure it's short, and make sure you turn it right back around and continue to

但一定要短，一定要把它轉回來，繼續進行

arguing...

爭論...

To argue for your side.

為自己這邊爭辯。

By the end of it, by the time you get to the conclusion it should be very clear what your

到了最後，到了結論的時候，應該很清楚你的。

opinion is and why you had it.

意見是，為什麼你有它。

Right?

對吧？

Now, a lot of ways to play with this, but this is the general approach you're going

現在，有很多方法可以玩這個，但這是你要去的一般方法。

to be taking: If they're not asking you for an opinion, don't give one.

要採取。如果他們不問你的意見，就不要給他們意見。

Again, you can say: "This essay will look at", "discuss" whatever topic you're looking

同樣，你可以說"這篇論文將關注"，"討論 "任何你想討論的話題。

at or discussing.

在或討論。

"There are several ways to fix pollution, as this essay will demonstrate."

"解決汙染的方法有好幾種，這篇文章將證明這一點。"

So basically you're telling the reader: "What is the objective?

所以基本上你要告訴讀者，"目標是什麼？

What is the purpose of the essay?"

作文的目的是什麼？"

It's to deliver information or to describe something, or to outline a process, etc.

是傳遞信息或描述某件事情，或概述一個過程等。

Now, you don't have to be very obvious either. Right?

現在，你也不用很明顯了。對不對？

You don't have to say: "This essay will discuss".

你不必說"這篇論文將討論"。

If you know how to write a sentence that makes it very clear to the reader that this is what

如果你知道如何寫出一句話，讓讀者非常清楚地知道這是什麼。

the objective of the essay is, do that.

作文的目標是，做到這一點。

Okay?

好嗎？

"Though there are several reasons for the high-crime rate in the inner cities, the...

"雖然造成內城犯罪率高的原因有幾個，但... ...

This particular situation seems to be the most pertinent", or "the most obvious", or

這種特殊情況似乎是最相關的"，或 "最明顯的"，或

"the most common".

"最常見的"。

As soon as you say that, I understand that this

你這麼一說，我就明白了，這... ...

is what you're going to be talking about. Right?

是你要談論的東西。對吧？

"There are several reasons, but this is the most important one."

"有幾個原因，但這是最重要的一個原因。"

It doesn't mean I think so, it's obvious, it's clear.

這並不代表我這麼認為，很明顯，很清楚。

"Here, I'm going to give you some information or some reasons to support this observation."

"來，我給你一些資料或者一些理由來支持這個觀點。"

Not opinion, observation.

不是意見，是觀察。

Body paragraph one, reason one; body paragraph two, reason two.

正文第一段，理由一；正文第二段，理由二。

Body paragraph one, advantage one; body paragraph two, disadvantage one.

正文第一段，優勢一；正文第二段，劣勢一。

Benefit, drawback, compare, contrast.

優點、缺點、比較、對比。

Okay?

好嗎？

All of these things are very straightforward.

這些事情都是非常直接的。

Paragraph one, one thing; paragraph two, the second thing; conclusion, therefore all of

第一段，是一件事；第二段，是第二件事；結論，所以都是。

these things support the idea that this is the more important aspect, or reason, or whatever

這些東西支持了這個想法，這是比較重要的方面，或者說是原因，或者說是什麼

you're discussing.

你在討論。

Now, these are not templates.

現在，這些都不是模板。

Don't think of this as a template.

不要把這個當成模板。

Don't do this every time you have an essay about...

不要每次作文都是這樣，關於...

That's not an opinion.

這不是一個意見。

Okay?

好嗎？

Sometimes you'll have to do it in different ways.

有時候你要用不同的方法來做。

Okay?

好嗎？

Compare, contrast.

比較、對比。

You can compare and contrast one aspect in body paragraph two, you can compare and contrast

在正文第二段中，你可以從一個方面進行對比，你可以對比一下

another aspect in body paragraph two.

另一個方面在正文第二段。

Paragraph one, paragraph two.

第一段，第二段。

You can do both and both, you can do one and one.