perfecting America's first vaccine  against the poliovirus,  

完善美國第一種脊髓灰質炎病毒疫苗。


which killed or paralyzed  
about  half a million people  
worldwide each year.

"■▄▄■▓，每年全球約有50萬人死亡或癱瘓"■▄▄■▓。

In the U.S. alone 58,000 new cases  
were reported in 1952, with over 3,000 fatalities .

僅在美國，1952年就報告了58000個新病例
，死亡人數超過3000人。

The headlines screamed of the success of the Salk vaccine,

頭條新聞叫囂著索克疫苗的成功。

on the 10th anniversary of the death of history's

在歷史上最偉大的人物逝世十週年之際。

most famous polio patient, Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

最著名的小兒麻痺症患者，富蘭克林-德拉諾-羅斯福。

So when news broke  
of a successful polio 
vaccine in 1955, there was widespread jubilation.

所以當1955年小兒麻痺症疫苗成功的消息傳出"■▄▄■▓時，人們普遍歡欣鼓舞。

 
But  just weeks later,  those who received  
the vaccine produced by  

但就在幾周後，那些接種了由美國國家衛生局生產的疫苗的人。

 
a specific lab, Cutter  Laboratories, 
reported polio infections. 

一個特定的實驗室，卡特實驗室，
報告了小兒麻痺症的感染。

In the haste to 
manufacture the vaccine   
at warp speed, 120,000  

匆匆忙忙地以曲速製造疫苗
""，12萬支

doses 
of the vaccine from  
this lab included  
the live poliovirus 

疫苗的劑量
本實驗室包括
活的脊髓灰質炎病毒。

 
instead of an inactivated 
version  of the pathogen. 

而不是病原體的失活
版本。

Because of this error, around 40,000 children  

由於這一錯誤，約有4萬名兒童。

contracted a mild case of the disease, while

感染了輕微的疾病，而。

five died and 56 were paralyzed.

5人死亡，56人癱瘓。

This moment in history redefined the way vaccines are developed and regulated.

這一歷史時刻重新定義了疫苗的研發和監管方式。

The development of a vaccine is now

疫苗的開發現在是

one of the most regulated aspects of the medical industry.

醫療行業最規範的一個環節。

It typically takes more than 10 years

一般需要10年以上的時間

to create one, but there have been some exceptions.

以創建一個，但也有一些例外。

The fastest vaccine created to date was for mumps,

迄今為止，創造最快的疫苗是針對腮腺炎的。

which was licensed in 1967 after just 4 years of development.

在僅僅開發了4年之後，就在1967年獲得了許可證。

In 2019, a vaccine for the Ebola virus

2019年，埃博拉病毒的疫苗。

was approved in principle by the World Health Organization

原則上得到世界衛生組織的準許

after 5 years of development and trials.

經過5年的開發和試驗，。

Ultimately, vaccine makers are weighing the balance between safety and speed.

最終，疫苗製造商在安全和速度之間進行了權衡。

The development of a vaccine typically goes

疫苗的開發通常會

through several phases the academic research,

通過幾個階段的學術研究。

pre-clinical stage, three phases of human trials,

臨床前階段，人體試驗的三個階段。

regulatory approvals, scaling it for mass production, manufacturing and distribution.

監管部門的準許，擴大其規模，進行大規模生產、製造和銷售。

In an accelerated model, these timelines are

在加速模型中，這些時間線為

compressed and may happen simultaneously.

壓縮，可能同時發生。

For example, Microsoft billionaire Bill Gates is funding new

例如，微軟億萬富翁比爾-蓋茨正在資助新的。

factories to manufacture seven promising vaccines,

工廠生產七種有希望的疫苗。

even though some may not work, potentially wasting billions of dollars.

即使有些可能沒有效果，可能會浪費數十億美元。

Within seven months of Covid-19 being declared

在宣佈Covid-19後7個月內。

a pandemic by the World Health Organization,

世界衛生組織規定的大流行病。

more than 300 potential vaccines were being developed,

正在開發300多種潛在的疫苗。

with a handful in final stage human trials.

有少數處於人體試驗的最後階段。

Early frontrunners such as Russia and China

早期的領跑者，如俄羅斯和中國。

approved vaccines for public use without completing the traditional process leading 

在沒有完成傳統程序的情況下，準許疫苗供公眾使用。

many experts to voice concerns  about their safety.

許多專家對其安全表示擔憂。

There are so many unanswered questions about any potential vaccine.

任何潛在的疫苗都有很多未解的問題。

Is it safe?

安全嗎？

How does it get manufactured and distributed quickly?

如何快速生產和銷售？

Who gets first access, and what is the dosage?

誰能優先獲得，用量是多少？

As early as June 2020, Chinese media reported that

早在2020年6月，中國媒體就報道稱

staff at state-owned companies could receive a Covid-19 vaccine before traveling abroad.

國企員工出國旅遊前可接種Covid-19疫苗。

They were among the first in the world to receive a vaccine for emergency use, 

他們是世界上最早獲得應急用疫苗的人之一。

which was produced by Chinese firm CNBG.

由中國的CNBG公司生產。

And then in August, Russia dropped a

然後在8月，俄羅斯投放了一個

bombshell with the announcement of its vaccine.

宣佈其疫苗的炸彈。

Vladimir Putin said the first Russian-produced vaccine for Covid-19

弗拉基米爾-普京表示，俄羅斯生產的首支科威德-19疫苗。

has received regulatory approval from the country's health ministry.

已獲得該國衛生部的監管準許。

My favourite is that it's been approved even though it hasn't actually finished trials.

我最喜歡的是，雖然它還沒有真正完成試驗，但它已經被準許了。

Easy come, easy go!

來的容易去的也容易！

This was the first Covid-19 vaccine to be approved

這是第一個被準許的Covid-19疫苗。

albeit within its own borders and was heralded as the

雖說是在本國境內，但被譽為 "世界上最偉大的國家"。

country's 'Sputnik' moment, a reference to the satellite

斯普特尼克 "的時刻。

the Soviet Union launched into space in 1957.

蘇聯於1957年發射進入太空。

The Soviet Union is launching the first Earth satellite.

蘇聯正在發射第一顆地球衛星。

Russia subsequently shipped its vaccine to the

俄羅斯隨後將其疫苗運往

United Arab Emirates and Belarus for clinical

阿拉伯聯合酋長國和白俄羅斯

trials while reaching supply agreements with countries

審判，同時與各國達成供應協議

such as India and Brazil for millions of doses.

如印度和巴西的數百萬劑量。

All vaccines aim to trigger the immune system

所有疫苗的目的都是為了觸發免疫系統。

by delivering a protein that copies or contains a part of a virus.

通過遞送一種複製或包含部分病毒的蛋白質。

The specific approach, however, can vary.  

但是，具體的方法可以有所不同。

A key step is identifying how to deliver

一個關鍵步驟是確定如何提供

the immunizing protein into the body, and

的免疫蛋白進入體內，並

at least eight main methods are being tested.

至少有八種主要方法正在測試。

For example, the vaccine produced by the leading

例如，領先的企業生產的疫苗。

candidate in the United Kingdom, AstraZeneca, in partnership

候選者，阿斯利康公司，與英國政府的合作。

with the University of Oxford, uses a weakened version

與牛津大學合作，使用了一個弱化的版本。

of the common cold virus found in chimpanzees.

黑猩猩中發現的普通感冒病毒的。

Candidates that make it through the pre-clinical stage,

順利通過臨床前階段的考生。

which may involve animal testing move on to three phases of human trials.

可能涉及到動物試驗，然後進入人體試驗的三個階段。

The first phase typically involves between 20 and 80 healthy people,

第一階段通常涉及20至80名健康人。

while the second involves a larger group of a

而第二種則涉及更多的群體。

few hundred participants, including those at risk of contracting the illness.

幾百名參與者，包括那些有感染疾病風險的人。

The third and final phase can include thousands of people.

第三階段也是最後階段，可以包括數千人。

During these trials, researchers are watching out for the candidate vaccine's effectiveness, 

在這些試驗中，研究人員正在關注候選疫苗的有效性。

any potential side effects, and the dosage required.

任何潛在的副作用，以及所需的劑量。

After regulatory approvals and licensing, the logistical nightmare begins.

在監管部門準許和許可之後，物流的噩夢就開始了。

How can a vaccine be manufactured and distributed to 7.7 billion people worldwide?

疫苗如何生產並向全球77億人發放？

The efficiency and efficacy of any vaccination program

任何疫苗接種計劃的效率和效果。

also depends on how a vaccine should be stored and administered.

還取決於疫苗應如何儲存和管理。

For example, a vaccine requiring multiple doses at different times

例如，需要在不同時間多次注射的疫苗。

may complicate immunization efforts, while a vaccine administered orally

可能會使免疫工作複雜化，而口服疫苗則可能使免疫工作複雜化。

may lower the barriers to vaccination significantly.

可能會大大降低疫苗接種的障礙。

The equipment needed to support this supply chain,

支持這一供應鏈所需的設備；

including billions of vials and syringes, will also be unprecedented.

包括數十億個小瓶和注射器，也將是前所未有的。

Hindustan Syringes, one of the world's largest manufacturers of the item, 

印度斯坦注射器，是全球最大的項目製造商之一。

has pledged to ramp up its production from 700 million a year to a billion by 2021.

已承諾到2021年將其產量從每年7億提升到10億。

Distribution companies like FedEx and UPS are also

聯邦快遞和UPS等配送公司也

preparing to meet this challenge by expanding their temperature-controlled supply chain.

準備通過擴大溫控供應鏈來應對這一挑戰。

This includes specialized warehouses, trucks and aircrafts with built-in freezers and

這包括專門的倉庫、卡車和飛機，配備內置的冷凍室和冷藏室。

monitoring devices to ensure vaccines are stored

監控設備，確保疫苗的儲存

and transported at the required temperatures.

並在所需溫度下運輸。

In August, UPS invested in 600 freezer farms

8月，UPS投資600個冷凍農場

in the United States and the Netherlands.

在美國和荷蘭。

Most of the Covid-19 vaccine candidates must

大多數Covid-19候選疫苗都必須是

be stored at cold and specific temperatures, or they will spoil.

要在低溫和特定溫度下儲存，否則會變質。

For example, Moderna's vaccine requires a temperature

例如，莫德納的疫苗需要溫度為

of –20 degrees Celsius while Pfizer's vaccine

的零下20攝氏度，而輝瑞公司的疫苗。

must be stored at –70 degrees Celsius.

必須在零下70攝氏度的條件下保存。

In fact, a World Health Organization study found that more than

事實上，世界衛生組織的一項研究發現，超過1.5億人的家庭中，有超過1.5億人的家庭是不允許有這種行為的。

50% of vaccines are wasted through expiry, decay or leakages, among other issues.

50%的疫苗因過期、腐爛或洩漏等問題而被浪費。

According to the World Health Organization's

根據世界衛生組織的

global vaccine plan known as COVAX, the Covid-19 vaccine

全球疫苗計劃，即COVAX，Covid-19疫苗。

should be distributed first to healthcare workers,

應首先向醫護人員發放。

followed by the most vulnerable 20% of the population in participating countries.

其次是參與國中最脆弱的20%的人口。

Amid concerns over “vaccine nationalism” by richer nations,

在富裕國家對 "疫苗民族主義 "的擔憂中。

a situation where countries prioritize their citizens first,

國家優先考慮本國公民的情況；

several world leaders have signed an open letter calling

幾位世界領導人已經簽署了一封公開信，呼籲

for a “people's vaccine”, demanding that it should be free of charge and available to all.

為 "人民的疫苗"，要求免費提供給所有人。

Mistrust of vaccines is another hurdle in the distribution process.

對疫苗的不信任是流通過程中的另一個障礙。

In France, 1 in 3 people disagree that vaccines are safe,

在法國，每3人中就有1人不同意疫苗是安全的。

while only 50%of the Ukrainian public agree that vaccines are effective.

而只有50%的烏克蘭公眾同意疫苗是有效的。

Many experts have reiterated that developing a vaccine is not a race 

很多專家都重申，研發疫苗不是一場比賽。

and decisions must be backed up by data.

和決定必須有數據支持。

The last time the U.S. government tried

上一次美國政府試圖。

to create a vaccine at “warp speed” in 1976, it ended in a fiasco.

在1976年以 "戰速 "製造疫苗，結果以慘敗告終。

The vaccine against a new strain of the swine flu virus

針對新型豬流感病毒株的疫苗。

was developed in under a year, but it led to roughly 450 cases of a rare neurological disorder.

是在不到一年的時間裡開發出來的，但它導致了大約450例罕見的神經系統疾病。

By the time the vaccination program was aborted, some 45 million out of some 200 million Americans had been inoculated.

到疫苗接種計劃中止時，大約2億美國人中有4500萬人接種了疫苗。

The long shadow of the tainted polio vaccine in 1955 and the botched

1955年受汙染的小兒麻痺症疫苗的長長陰影和拙劣的。

vaccination program in 1976 still lingers today.

1976年的疫苗接種計劃至今仍揮之不去。

As governments and organizations are now racing to develop a new vaccine,

由於現在各國政府和組織都在競相開發新的疫苗。

finding that delicate balance between safety, speed, and trust

在安全、速度和信任之間找到微妙的平衡。

is key in preventing future pandemics, including the greatest crisis of our generation.

是預防未來流行病的關鍵，包括我們這一代最大的危機。

Thank you so much for watching the video!

非常感謝您觀看視頻!

What do you guys think about the vaccine? Are you itching to take it?

你們對疫苗有什麼看法？你們是不是心癢癢的想吃呢？

Are you confident? Are you nervous?

你有信心嗎？你緊張嗎？

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