Name: 疫苗的副作用--風險有多高？ (The Side Effects of Vaccines - How High is the Risk?)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T08:14:30.000Z
Duration: 10 min 56 s

Vaccines are celebrated
for their part in fighting disease.

seem to believe that they endanger
our health, instead of protecting it.

似乎相信它們會造成危害，而不是保護我們的健康。

The Internet is full of stories
about allergic reactions,

網路充斥著各種關於過敏反應的故事，

and even death following
vaccination appointments.

And, it's true vaccines can have side effects.

不過，疫苗真的可能有副作用。

Let's look at how they work,
and how dangerous they really are.

讓我們來看看它們是如何運作的，以及它們到底有多危險。

Your immune system is a
complex army of billions of cells.

你的免疫系統是幾十億個細胞複雜的軍隊。

Every day, you're attacked countless times,

but your immune soldiers alone
usually deal with that,

但你的免疫士兵通常都單獨對付，

our intelligence cells gather
intel about the attackers

我們的情報小組會收集有關攻擊者的情報

They're like targeted missiles produced
specifically to combat the invader.

它們就像專門用於打擊入侵者的目標導彈。

Unfortunately, this process takes
several days to complete.

不幸的是，這個過程需要幾天的時間才能完成。

That gives intruders
a lot of time to do damage.

這給了入侵者了很多時間造成傷害。

what doesn't kill you doesn't make you stronger.

Our bodies really don't want
to fight serious wars over and over,

我們的身體真的不想一遍又一遍地打艱苦的戰爭，

so our immune system came up
with an ingenious way

所以我們的免疫系統想出了一個巧妙的方法

If we fight an enemy that is dangerous
enough to trigger our heavy weapons,

如果敵人危險到足以觸發我們的重型武器

our immune system automatically
creates memory cells.

我們的免疫系統會自動製造記憶細胞。

Memory cells remain in our body
for years, in a deep sleep.

記憶細胞留在​​我們的身體裡沈睡。

and order coordinated attacks
and the production of antibodies.

that many infections you beat once
will never make you sick again.

你不會再次感染許多你打敗過的病毒。

You might even be immune
against them forever.

Which is also why little kids are constantly ill;

這也是為什麼小孩子都在不斷生病

因為他們還沒有足夠的記憶細胞。

And this beautiful natural mechanism
is what we build on when we use vaccines.

這種美麗的自然機制是我們在使用疫苗時所建立的。

obtaining them through an infection
is unpleasant and sometimes dangerous.

通過感染獲得記憶細胞是令人不愉快的，有時是危險的。

Vaccines are a way of tricking
our bodies into making memory cells,

疫苗是欺騙我們的身體進入製作記憶細胞的方法，

They pretend to be a dangerous infection.

One way of doing this is to inject
invaders that can't do harm.

這樣做的方法是注入不會造成傷害的入侵者。

For example, by killing them,
or by ripping them into pieces.

例如：殺死它們，或將它們撕成碎片。

Our immune systems deal with
these kinds of vaccines pretty easily.

我們的免疫系統對付這些敵人很容易。

Sometimes, it's necessary to make
our immune system work harder though,

但有時，需要讓我們的免疫系統更加努力，

An enemy that can punch back is
a bigger challenge than a dead one.

會攻擊的敵人比死掉的更具挑戰性。

But this also sounds like
a sort-of horrible idea.

但這聽起來也像是一種可怕的想法。

To avoid that, we breed a sort-of
weak cousin of the real germ in the lab.

為了避免這種情況，我們在實驗室培育了等級比較低的小弟。

Just powerful enough to annoy the immune
system, and create enough memory cells.

僅強大到足以激怒免疫系統，並創造足夠的記憶細胞。

Okay, so these are the basic
principles of vaccine use.

好了，這些都是疫苗使用的基本原則。

They provoke a natural reaction in our bodies

that makes us become immune
against very dangerous diseases.

使我們對非常危險的疾病免疫。

Some, like the flu virus, mutate so often

but most vaccines protect us
for years, or even a lifetime.

但大多數疫苗保護我們多年，甚至終生。

Like everything in life,
vaccines have another side:

就像生活中的一切，疫苗也有另一面：

What are they, and what happens
if your child develops one?

它們是什麼，如果出現在你的孩子會發生什麼？

It's complicated to directly compare the side
effects of vaccines with the effects of diseases.

直接比較疫苗的副作用與疾病的影響是很複雜的。

hundreds of millions of people are
vaccinated against measles in the West,

數以億計的人在西方接種麻疹疫苗，

but there were only 83,000
cases in Europe in 2018.

但 2018 年歐洲僅有 83,000 例病例。

So, with numbers that different,
even mild side effects can seem scary

因此，與我們無法看到的疾病不良影響相比，

compared to the bad effects of a disease
that we don't see as much anymore.

即使是輕微的副作用，但案例一多看起來也很嚇人。

Before the measles vaccine
became available in 1963,

virtually every single child on Earth
contracted measles at some point.

幾乎每個地球上的孩子都會在某個時刻感染麻疹。

An estimated 135 million cases in the 1950s.

估計在 1950 年代有 1.35 億個病例。

But are measles really that
dangerous in the year 2019?

但麻疹真的在 2019 年很危險嗎？

With our advanced healthcare
and new technologies,

我們有先進的醫療技術和新技術，

are they worth the risk of vaccine side effects?

Let's do a thought experiment
based on real numbers.

Imagine a developed country
in a parallel world.

想像一下在一個平行的世界，一個發達國家。

It has good healthcare but
people stop vaccinating.

它具有良好的醫療保健，但人們停止接種。

In this scenario, let's say ten
million children caught measles.

在這種情況下，假設有一千萬兒童患上了麻疹。

Nine million eight hundred thousand, or 98%,
will get a high fever and a very unpleasant rash.

九百八十萬，或 98％，將發高燒和造成嚴重的皮疹。

Up to 800,000 of them, or 8%,
will suffer from dangerous diarrhea.

其中多達 80 萬人，或 8％，將患有危險的腹瀉。

700,000, or 7%, will suffer from an ear infection,
which can lead to permanent hearing loss.

70 萬或 7％ 將患有耳部感染，這可能導致永久性聽力損失。

600,000 kids, or 6%, will suffer from pneumonia
-- the most dangerous effect of measles.

60 萬名兒童或 6％ 患有肺炎 - 這是麻疹最危險的影響。

僅此一項就會導致 12,000 名兒童死亡。

Up to 10,000 children, or 0.1%,
will get encephalitis.

多達一萬 10,000 名兒童，或 0.1％，將得到腦炎。

2,500 kids, or 0.025%, will contract SSPE,

2,500 名兒童，即 0.025 ％，將引發致命、罕見的 SSPE，

a disease where the measles
virus lingers in their brain

一種麻疹病毒在大腦中徘徊的疾病

around 2.5 million children will suffer from
somewhat serious effects from measles.

大約 250 萬名兒童會患上麻疹，有的會有嚴重的影響。

And, about 20,000 children
will be killed by measles.

而且，約 2 萬名兒童將被麻疹殺死。

The kids who beat measles are left with
a severely damaged immune system

感染麻疹的孩子的免疫系統將嚴重受損