What does measles actually do, and should you vaccinate against it?

麻疹實際上做什麼，你應該接種疫苗嗎？

Or is this just hysteria?

或者這只是歇斯底里？

Measles is a virus:

麻疹是一種病毒：

a hull of proteins, RNA,

蛋白質軀殼的RNA

plus some more proteins for reproduction.

加上一些蛋白質進行複製

It cannot reproduce by itself; it needs a host cell to do so.

它不能靠自己繁殖，它需要宿主細胞

To understand measles, we have to understand the immune system.

為了理解麻疹，我們要先了解免疫系統

You might already have seen

你可能已經看到

the visual system we developed to help here.

我們做了較可看的系統在這裡幫助了解

Now, let’s focus on the parts of the immune system relevant to measles.

現在，讓我們關注在有關麻疹的免疫系統。

The measles virus enters humans through the nose, mouth, or eyes.

麻疹病毒進入人體 通過鼻，口，或眼睛。

The measles infection starts in the lungs.

麻疹先在肺部開始感染

Measles is especially good at infecting the body’s first line of defence:

麻疹在人體的第一道防線效果群拔

macrophages, powerful guard cells that protect the lungs from intruders.

也就是巨噬細胞 強大的保衛細胞保護肺部以免受入侵

They enter a cell and take it over.

它們進入細胞，並殺死細胞

The virus reprograms the cell and

病毒重新編輯細胞

transforms it into a dangerous virus production center.

並轉換成一種危險的 病毒製作中心

Once a cell is filled with viruses,

一旦一個細胞裡有病毒

they leave the crippled cell and begin the cycle over again.

它們離開受損的細胞 並且再開始循環一遍

But the immune system has powerful weapons against virus infections:

但免疫系統具有 強大的武器來對付病毒感染

natural killer cells.

自然殺手細胞

These cells basically patrol the body and check other cells for infections.

這些細胞基本上是巡邏人體 並檢查其他細胞是否受感染

If they find an infected cell, they order it to commit suicide.

如果他們發現被感染的細胞 則會命令細胞自殺

This is so effective that for the first 10 days or so,

之所以如此 這在前10天左右有效

you will not even notice that you’re infected with measles.

你甚至不會注意到你感染了麻疹

And now, the reason why measles is so powerful.

現在，麻疹之所以 如此的強大

After a period of fighting and dying,

經過一段時間的戰鬥和死亡

macrophages alert the brain of the immune system:

巨噬細胞警報大腦 要求一些免疫系統

the dendritic cells.

樹突狀細胞

The job of the dendritic cells is to collect samples of intruders,

樹突狀細胞的工作是 收集入侵者的樣本

travel to the lymph nodes,

行進到淋巴結，

and then activate the heavy weapons

然後啟動重型武器

that eradicate the infection very fast in a team effort.

這種武器在團隊的努力下 根除感染的速度非常快

But the measles virus uses a dreadful tactic.

但麻疹病毒用一個可怕的戰術

It infects the dendritic cells

它感染的樹突狀細胞

and uses them as a Trojan horse to enter deeper into the body.

並使用它們當作一個木馬 進入更深層的體內

The infected cells travel to the next lymph node

在感染的細胞裡行進到下一個淋巴結

to alert other immune cells.

警戒其他免疫細胞

Once it arrives,

一旦它到達目的地

the measles virus spreads around the virgin T and B cells

病毒在處女型T細胞和B細胞周圍開始傳播

and infects them.

並感染它們

It attacks the very system that evolved to fight it.

它的攻​​擊非常有系統 把細胞們進化後讓它們去打仗

Now, things happen very fast.

現在，整件事發生的非常快

The lymph system spreads the virus everywhere

淋巴系統傳播病毒到每個地方

and it enters the bloodstream,

並且進入血液中

infecting cells while traveling.

在行進中感染其他細胞

Measles infects organs like

麻疹也是如此的感染器官

the spleen, the liver, the intestines, and, most importantly, the lungs.

脾，肝，腸 而最重要的是肺部

The symptoms range from

症狀的範圍從

a very high fever, headache, sickness, bronchitis, and, of course, a rash.

非常高的發燒，頭痛，嘔吐 支氣管炎，當然，還有皮疹

In the lungs, the immune system was doing pretty okay.

在肺裡 免疫系統做得相當不錯

But now, millions of viruses attack a second time

但現在 數以百萬計的病毒進行第二次攻擊

and kill countless cells, wiping out the defense systems.

殺死了無數的細胞 殲滅防禦系統

In this phase, you start coughing out millions of measles viruses.

在這個階段 你開始咳出幾百萬個麻疹病毒

Measles is so contagious at this stage,

麻疹的傳染性在這個階段很強烈

that if you meet someone who isn’t vaccinated,

如果你遇到有人沒接種疫苗

there’s about a 90% chance you’ll infect them.

會有大約90％的機率會感染他們

Without the protective army in the lungs, other bacteria or viruses that

而不在肺部的軍隊 其他細菌或病毒

would usually not stand a chance can now enter the lungs and develop into

通常會沒有機會再進入肺部或發展成

harmful parallel infections that can cause pneumonia,

有害的併發感染可引起肺炎

the most common way to die from measles.

麻疹最常見的死亡方式

Your body’s immune system is now seriously wounded.

你的免疫系統現在身受重傷

Various protective systems are hurt and disrupted.

各種防護系統受到傷害和破壞

The virus spreads everywhere, infecting the skin all over the body.

病毒傳播無所不在 感染皮膚遍布全身

The typical measles rash now becomes visible.

典型麻疹的皮疹現在明顯可見

And in some cases, the measles virus

在某些情況下，麻疹病毒

reaches the brain and causes a brain infection.

到達大腦並造成腦部感染

If it does so, the chances of dying are between 20 to 40 percent,

如果演變成這樣的話 死亡的機率介於20％至40％

and there may be long-term damage.

並且有可能造成長期損害

But your body is far from giving up at this stage,

但是你的身體在這階段 離放棄這一步還很遠

and it fights back agressively.

它還擊侵略者

Some dendritic cells survive long enough to activate

一些樹突狀細胞存活 夠長的時間以激發

the anti-virus forces of the body.

具有防病毒力的身體

Plasma cells in the lymph nodes start producing billions of antibodies,

漿細胞在淋巴結 開始生產數十億個抗體

tiny proteins that mark infected cells for destruction

微小的蛋白質 標記感染細胞得以銷毀

or clump the virus together.

或把病毒聚集在一起

Killer T cells flood the body and kill infected cells left and right.

殺手T細胞湧入身體 並殺死所有被感染的細胞

After 2 to 3 weeks, the body usually gets

2〜3週後，體內通常會獲得

the upper hand and overwhelms the infection.

佔上風的位子並壓倒那些感染病毒

But the immune system is now seriously weakened,

但是免疫系統現在被嚴重削弱

and may take weeks or months to recover,

並且可能需要數週或數個月才能恢復

leaving the body vulnerable to other diseases.

讓身體離開容易感染疾病的地方

But, if you make it, you are now immune:

但是，如果你撐過來 你就會對它免疫了

the immune system remembers the virus forever.

免疫系統會永遠記住那病毒

Measles is no joke.

麻疹不是在開玩笑

Although 84% of all humans are vaccinated against measles,

雖然有84％的人接種麻疹疫苗

122,000 people died because of the infection in 2014.

卻有122000人因為感染而在2014年死亡

Some people cannot get vaccinations,

有些人無法獲得接種疫苗

either because they’re too young, because of chemotherapy or HIV,

因為他們太年輕 或是因為化療或艾滋病毒

or because they’re allergic to the vaccine.

或者是因為他們對疫苗過敏

They need the rest of us to stop the disease for them.

他們需要 剩下的我們去阻止病毒感染他們

The measles vaccination is safe, cheap, and available.

麻疹疫苗接種 安全，便宜，可用的

There are no benifits from having measles at all.

得到麻疹並沒有任何好處

You don’t strengthen your immune system and it’s not more natural.

你不會增強你的免疫系統，它不會更自然

Most people who don’t vaccinate only want the best for their children,

大多數不接種疫苗的人 只想給他們的孩子最好的

which is honorable.

這是光榮的

But if you ask yourself,

但如果你問自己

“Am I putting the life of my child and other children at risk by

“我是把我孩子的生命 和其他的孩子處於危險之中

not vaccinating against measles?”

因為沒接種麻疹疫苗？“

The sad answer is yes. Yes, you are.

這不幸的答案是肯定的。是的，你是。

Let’s not play the blame game, though.

我們不要玩指責遊戲

Let’s work together and eradicate this virus.

讓我們攜手合作消除這種病毒

Together, we can get rid of these dreadful monsters and

總之，我們可以擺脫這些 可怕的怪物

consign them to their rightful place: the history books.

和給他們應有的地位： 史書

Subtitles by the Amara.org community

翻譯By 酆