Name: 兩個台灣，兩個中國，兩次 (Two Taiwans, Two Chinas, Twice)
Uploaded: 2019-08-10T06:21:14.000Z
Duration: 11 min 54 s

What do Madagascar's Malagasy, New Zealand's Maori, and the Hawaiians of the USA have in common?

馬達加斯加的馬達加斯加人，新西蘭的毛利人和美國的夏威夷人有什麼共同點？

Well, we can see the commonalities of these 3 groups, and many more, all across the Southern and Eastern hemispheres,

那麼，我們可以看到這三個國家的共同點，而且還有更多相同例子的國家，遍及南半球和東半球，

Today, we will focus on language, but much of the same evidence can be found in biology or archaeology too.

Just as you're closer to your brother than your cousin, and to your cousin than a Bantu tribesman,

...unless you yourself are a Bantu tribesman,

we can date linguistic developments, by language features of related tongues.

今天，我們將重點關注語言，但同樣的情況也可以在生物學或考古學中找到。

It turns out that the languages of these three groups are relatively undifferentiated.

Meaning these differences that span the globe occurred relatively recently, less than 4000 years ago.

就像你比你的表弟和你的表兄弟更接近像是你的兄弟，而不是一個班圖族人像是你的兄弟

Anthropologically, in the blink of an eye.

The Austronesian civilisation was, oceanically speaking, far ahead of the rest of the world in its development.

......除非你自己是一名班圖族部落成員，

They invented stable, multiple-hulled vessels, and sophisticated oceanographic maps,

that allowed long-distance nautical endeavour, long ahead of its development in Europe.

我們可以通過相關地方的語言特徵來追溯語言發展。

Such is their success in spreading across the world, that there are very few remaining descendants of the previous civilisations.

Most of the ones that do remain, have themselves adopted Austronesian languages.

事實證明，一開始舉例的這三組的語言相對沒有區別。

But this isn't the whole story. These aren't the only members of the Austronesian family.

這意味著全球範圍內的這些差異發生在最近不到4000年前。

While *these* are all linguistically close but geographically very distant,

all other branches of this tree, are geographically proximate, but linguistically very distant.

在人類學上來說算是轉眼之間。

Meaning that *these* languages, are the oldest examples of the Austronesian family.

在海洋方面，南島語系在其發展過程中遙遙領先於世界其他地區。

The aboriginals of Taiwan were not Chinese, but have lots of contact with the Chinese for a long time.

No dynasty, or ruler, extended their influence to this island. He says.

他們發明了穩定的多層船隻和複雜的海洋地圖，

The successful early Chinese unification couldn't have happened elsewhere in Eurasia.

China is the only place on the continent where divisions don't divide north and south.

在歐洲發展之前就已經有了長距離的航海活動。

There is no Sahara, or Himalayas, or Mediterranean dividing China.

Contact, and therefore conflict, was always on the horizon.

南島語系在世界各地傳播的成功，以前的文明遺留下來給後代的卻很少。

And China unified quite early as a political entity, albeit under different dynastical crowns.

The history of Chinese war is a story of evolution-style selection pressures.

但大多數仍然存在的人自己採用了南島語言。

It was a crucible of war, designed to select the dominant group, for whom the heavenly mandate was (to) expand,

...or the other group will. It followed the typical method of expansion for a unified empire.

但這不是全部。這些人不是南島語系家族的唯一成員。

Step 1: Protect your people because there are barbarians on the border.

Step 2: Conquer the barbarians and try to, “civilise” them

Step 3: Barbarians eventually stop being barbarians.

You're not distinct enough to call them “barbarians”, they're now your people,

雖然"南島語系"在語言學上來說都很接近，但在地理位置上卻很差很多，

...and you have to protect your people, because there are barbarians on the border.

This was Sinicisation. Sinicisation means conversion to the dominant Han Chinese culture in every way.

這張分支圖的所有其他族群在地理位置上接近，但在語言學上很差很多。

From its beginning with the Han on the northern plains, more people have been Sinicised,

...than conversion to any nationhood in history. It doesn't all go smoothly though.

這意味著南島家族中是最古老語言的一個例子。

Some of the deepest divisions that exist on mainland China today remain, diet (food, cuisine).

For one, the differences in climate and landscape means that crops and farming methods,

from the tropical to the desert to the tundra, just don't translate.

Even less so, in the world of vast amounts of small-scale feudal peasant farming.

台灣原住民不是中國人，但長期以來與中國人有很多接觸。

The places where the non-Han minorities remain, are the Tibetan tundra,

the arid steppe of Inner Mongolia, the Uyghur, desert west, and the highland south,

沒有王朝或統治者，他們的影響力擴大到這個島嶼。他說。

where minority languages also thrive. The fringes of China. The difficult areas to Sinicise.

One place China couldn't spread easily, was across the water.

中國早期的成功統一不可能發生在歐亞其他地區。

Taiwan in the east was frequented by Chinese fisherman, but the Chinese never settled permanently. They just couldn't.

There wasn't enough of a pull, or technological ability to counter the aboriginals' home field advantage.

中國是非洲大陸唯一不用地形分南北的地區。

They had high immunity to each other's diseases,

...and as we can see from the story of the Austronesian expansion, they're not exactly pushovers.

沒有撒哈拉沙漠，或喜馬拉雅山，或地中海分裂中國。

It took a catalyst for the two to properly come into conflict, and that catalyst, was Dutch.

The acrimonious emancipation of the Netherlands from the Spanish Empire led to a scramble for overseas possessions.

There are two world-class natural ports for trade empires in maritime Southeast Asia.

Manila (Philippines) and Batavia (Indonesia).

雖然根據不同的朝代統治，但中國早在統一時就使用了一種政治體系，

Spain and the Netherlands ended up with one each, and from these bases,

projected their power in the East Indies.

中國戰爭的歷史是因為壓力而造成進步的故事。

One island that took both of their interest, was Ilha Formosa,

...named by the Portuguese for its beauty.

這是一場內戰，意思在占有主流地位的體系會有絕對優勢，為此他們要擴增自己的勢力。

It's not the only example of Portuguese sweet talk.

They were the first Europeans to trade in a closed Japan, and they also managed to get themselves a little trading port in Macau.

...或將會被另一種文明統治。中國遵循了統一帝國的典型擴張的一些方法：

步驟1：保護你的人，因為邊界上有野蠻人。

They were never on good terms with the mainland. So you know that they did?

They parked themselves right across the water, on the beautiful island of Formosa.

第2步：征服野蠻人，並試圖“開化”他們

Unlike other East Asian land masses, this island is not made of plains interspersed among mountains.

第3步：野蠻人最終不再是野蠻人。

On the Pacific Rim of Fire, one plate slipped under another and created mountains,

...exclusively on the eastern edge of the island.

你並不再稱他們為“野蠻人”，因為他們現在是你的人，

The plains, and therefore the interesting, valuable lands to agricultural and industrial societies,

are all on the side facing mainland China.

...然後你必須保護你的人民，因為邊界上又有野蠻人。

That's where foreign forts and investments were made. And where plantations were built.

這就是中國化，中國化意味以各種方式讓漢族文化轉變為其主流地位。

Thanks to Sino-European expansion in the island, aboriginals remained mostly in the mountains, and the east.

Shortly prior to this point, the Ming dynasty were the rulers of China.

從北方平原的漢人開始，更多的人被中國化，

But they hadn't taken control of the Mongol homeland from their predecessors.

A rump empire from the former Yuan dynasty remained in the north.

...轉換成歷史上的中國。儘管如此，它並不是一帆風順的。

And the Ming were deathly focused on land defense,

...like you kind of have to be with Mongols.

今天中國大陸存在的一些最深刻的分歧仍然是飲食（食物，美食）。

This is why the Ming build the Great Wall into its largest and most complete form.

They had one of the biggest land armies in history, and they needed it.

首先，氣候和景觀的差異意味著農作物和耕作方法，

But even the largest empires don't have unlimited resources.

By the time of European excursions into their waters, it was starting to crumble.

從熱帶到沙漠到苔原，就是不會轉變。

So the Ming weren't as navally-inclined as they might have been.

And the Dutch settling a little way away didn't seem to be the biggest threat in the world.

在更多的封建農業世界中，更是如此。

So there the Dutch were. With their extremely portable Western-style capitalist farming methods,

...using Taiwan as an economic colony. The Chinese workers were afforded land and the ability to settle.

非漢族人居住的地方是藏族苔原，

Oh, and the Spanish also set themselves up on the island.

The Dutch and Spanish faced huge challenges. Not only with working with the Chinese and firing at each other,

內蒙古在乾旱草原，維吾爾族在西部沙漠

...there were also the aboriginals who had a pesky habit of scalping Europeans.

The Dutch eventually drove out the Spanish, but the one threat they never saw,

少數民族語言也蓬勃發展，中國的邊境。也是中國化的最困難地區。

...was the Chinese that they themselves invited.

The colonial heads in Dutch Java refused to afford any more protection or resources.

中國化的一個地方不容易傳播，就在水面上。

No women were allowed to settle in Formosa, for the potential danger of the aboriginals and natural disaster.

Locusts, and disease, and seven weeks of earthquakes had plagued the island.

中國漁民經常光顧東部的台灣，但中國人永遠不會永久定居。他們不能。

The conditions for the working Chinese were awful. The Dutch had not held up their end of the bargain.

Their ventures were ruined, and almost all revenue came from the Chinese themselves,

因為沒有足夠的吸引力或技術能力來對抗原住民的優勢。

...who didn't see much reason to remain under European control.

So raise its head, the common theme in Chinese history, a peasant rebellion.

他們對對方的疾病有很高的免疫力，

Meanwhile on the mainland, the Ming's army wasn't doing its job.