Name: 第 6 章 - 心肺、內分泌和消化系統 (Chapter 6 - The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems)
Uploaded: 2025-08-06T06:47:42.000Z
Duration: 52 min 19 s

轉承詞

Now chapter 6 for the 7th edition of the NASM CPT manual basically is the moving forward of the systems approach because in chapter 5 we worked on basically the interaction between muscles, muscle system, the skeletal system, and the nervous system.

NASM CPT 手冊第 7 版第 6 章基本上是系統方法的推進，因為在第 5 章中，我們基本上討論了肌肉、肌肉系統、骨骼系統和神經系統之間的相互作用。

程度副詞

And here we're just going to get into the separate components of the cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and the digestive systems.

在這裡，我們將分別介紹心肺系統、內分泌系統和消化系統。

Alright, and we're going to break down each of those into their own structures and basically how each system kind of works handily throughout the whole body and how it makes and affects our movement.

好了，我們將把每個系統分解成它們自己的結構，基本上每個系統是如何在整個身體中方便地工作的，以及它是如何製造和影響我們的運動的。

So this is chapter 6, so let's get started here and we'll work our way through.

這是第六章，讓我們從這裡開始，一路讀下去。

So when we start, one of the main systems of our body because it includes multiple components but it's very important for anything from sending things off and pulling things out to just being able to function like the heart and breathing.

是以，當我們開始時，我們身體的主要系統之一，因為它包括多個組成部分，但它對任何事情都非常重要，從發送東西、拉出東西到能夠像心臟和呼吸一樣運作。

So the cardiorespiratory system, really we have to make sure that we get both pieces of that.

是以，我們必須確保心肺系統能夠同時滿足這兩個方面的需求。

Cardiovascular is heart, blood vessels, blood.

心血管就是心臟、血管和血液。

Cardiorespiratory is heart, blood vessels, blood, lungs, and then through the whole airway system.

心肺是指心臟、血管、血液、肺，然後通過整個氣道系統。

So it is the interaction between the cardiovascular and respiratory system.

這就是心血管系統和呼吸系統之間的相互作用。

So that's just kind of how the interaction between two systems is really made into one.

是以，這就是兩個系統之間的互動如何真正合二為一。

We want to make sure that we get appropriate, adequate, the right amount, max level, low level depending upon rest or work, O2 delivery.

我們要確保我們獲得適當的、足夠的、適量的、最大水準的、低水平的氧氣輸送，這取決於休息還是工作。

We also want to be able to deliver nutrients and we also want to be able to take when we break those nutrients down for our energy purposes, we want to be able to get the waste byproducts such as CO2, ammonia, et cetera, out of our system and we do that by way of this complete system.

我們還希望能夠輸送養分，並在分解這些養分以獲取能量時，能夠將二氧化碳、氨等廢物副產品排出系統，而我們就是通過這套完整的系統來做到這一點的。

所以，還是那句話，一切與交通有關。

It's about getting things to move through the body and by those things, I mean the blood.

這就是讓東西在體內流動，我指的是血液。

Well, where does the blood really originate from?

Blood originates from, you know, originates from the heart, but that heart is very tricky because it has the right and left sides, but those right and left sides are very important because right side, it doesn't have any oxygen, left side does.

血液來源於心臟，但心臟非常複雜，因為它有左右兩側，但左右兩側非常重要，因為右側沒有氧氣，而左側有。

So the right side has to pump blood to the lungs and the lungs will send that back to the heart and then the left side will basically take that blood that has oxygen in it now and it will send that to the rest of the body so that it can be used and extracted and you know, for, for whatever purpose that it needs it for.

是以，右側必須將血液泵送到肺部，肺部再將血液送回心臟，然後左側基本上會吸收含有氧氣的血液，並將其輸送到身體的其他部位，以便使用和提取，你知道，用於任何需要的用途。

So you know, again, the heart is, it's got an oblique shaped, you know, positioning.

是以，你知道，同樣，心臟是斜形的，你知道，它的定位。

It's not vertical, it's not, you know, horizontal.

它不是垂直的，也不是水準的。

It's actually got like a little bit of a twist to it, right?

But really it's in, it's obviously in front of the spine and it sits behind your sternum.

但實際上，它是在，很明顯是在脊柱前面，位於胸骨後面。

And it's located within that thoracic cavity.

So what do we, what do we call that area?

那麼，我們該如何稱呼那個區域呢？

We call the, the space within the chest that's between the lungs, the, the mediastinum, right?

我們把胸腔內肺與肺之間的空間稱為縱隔，對嗎？

And that basically sits right in that same area as the lungs as well.

而這一部位基本上也與肺部位於同一區域。

So the heart very much like skeletal muscle, the heart contains cardiac muscle.

是以，心臟很像骨骼肌，心臟包含心肌。

There is the same kind of push, pulling mechanism that the cardiac muscle has.

But unlike skeletal muscle in some way, you know, some skeletal muscle can do it on its own but typically skeletal muscles voluntary where we call upon it.

但與骨骼肌不同的是，在某種程度上，你知道，有些骨骼肌可以自己完成，但通常骨骼肌都是自願的，我們需要它。

The heart is involuntary for that purpose.

So I kind of hit on the left and right sides already, but we'll dive a little bit deeper into that.

我已經介紹了左右兩邊的情況，但我們還需要深入瞭解一下。

So the first things first, there are four hollow chambers, all right?

首先，這裡有四個空腔，對嗎？

And if we go back, well the same, it's the same picture, but you know, right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, and they are going to be working independently right and left sides.

如果我們回過頭來看，也是同樣的畫面，但你知道，右心房、右心室、左心房、左心室，它們將在左右兩側獨立工作。

Like I said, the right side is more about getting blood to the lungs.

就像我說的，右側更多的是將血液輸送到肺部。

The left side is more about getting the blood to the rest of the body.

左側更多的是將血液輸送到身體其他部位。

現在上面，上面是A隊，明白嗎？

Now the upper chambers, the superior chambers are what we call the atrium.

現在，上腔和上腔就是我們所說的心房。

The inferior chambers are the ventricles.

The ventricles are what fill and release, fill and release that again, right side goes to the lungs, left side goes to the rest of the body, basically through the aorta.

心室負責充盈和釋放，再充盈和釋放，右側流向肺部，左側基本上通過主動脈流向身體其他部位。

So again, what's the atria's job is to gather blood, to get all of that blood volume back into the heart so then it can pop it down to the ventricles and then send it to where it's got to go.

同樣，心房的工作就是收集血液，將所有血量送回心臟，然後再將其輸出到心室，送往需要去的地方。

So really important, just to kind of make sure we understand this, it's one of the few places that it happens.

是以，非常重要的一點是，要確保我們瞭解這一點，這是發生這種情況的少數幾個地方之一。

We know about, we should at this point, well maybe not at this point, but we will know soon that arteries send blood away from the heart and blood is going to go to the ventricles and veins take blood back to the heart.

我們現在應該知道，也許現在還不知道，但我們很快就會知道，動脈將血液從心臟輸送出去，血液會流向心室，而靜脈則將血液帶回心臟。

So it's a little tricky because usually in almost all cases, except for what we're going to talk about now, in almost all cases, arteries always have oxygenated blood, not for the heart.

所以這有點棘手，因為通常在幾乎所有情況下，除了我們現在要討論的，在幾乎所有情況下，動脈總是有含氧血液，而不是心臟。

And veins always, except for this time, they usually carry deoxygenated blood.

而靜脈總是，除了這次，它們通常輸送脫氧的血液。

But in the heart, when blood pumps out of the right atrium and sends the blood to the lungs to get oxygen basically put into it and extract it out of the alveoli.

但在心臟中，當血液從右心房泵出並輸送到肺部時，基本上是向肺部輸入氧氣並從肺泡中提取氧氣。

When that happens, the blood has to be sent away from the heart.

一旦出現這種情況，血液就必須從心臟輸送出去。

所以，還是 A 離開了，A 代表動脈。

The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the system that carries deoxygenated blood.

肺動脈是血液系統中唯一輸送脫氧血液的動脈。

And as that pulmonary artery, left and right branch, gets sending blood to the lungs, once the lungs pull, once all the O2 is extracted from the lungs into the blood, the blood through capillaries and back through will get sent to the pulmonary vein, again, where the only vein in the body that carries oxygenated blood.

當肺動脈左右分支將血液輸送到肺部時，一旦肺部拉動，一旦所有的氧氣都從肺部被提取到血液中，血液就會通過毛細血管再輸送到肺靜脈，而肺靜脈也是人體中唯一輸送含氧血液的靜脈。

And then that goes back to the left atrium and then ready to get out to the left ventricle out to the rest of the body.

然後回到左心房，準備進入左心室，輸出到身體其他部位。

So those are kind of some major components that we want to understand and really kind of pull through so that you understand the structure base.

是以，這些都是我們想要了解的一些主要組成部分，通過它們，你可以瞭解結構基礎。

I kind of just, through my words, I said all of these details right here.

我只是通過我的話，把這些細節都說了出來。

So all you want to, if you need to go back and listen to that and kind of pull this up at the same time, feel free.

所以，如果你想回去聽一下，同時把這個也調出來，請隨意。

But just again, the right atrium gets blood.

但同樣，右心房也會得到血液。

The right atrium gets blood from the rest of the body, now that's deoxygenated.

右心房的血液來自身體其他部位，現在已經脫氧。

是以，這就進入了身體的其他部分。

The right atrium releases blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle down in the lower left, this lower left region.

右心房通過三尖瓣將血液釋放到左下方的右心室，即左下方區域。

But again, we're looking at this from an anterior view, so it's backwards.

不過，我們還是要從正面看，所以是反面。

So this is the right side if it's in our own body.

所以，如果是在我們自己的身體裡，這一邊就是正確的。

So right ventricle, if you follow the direction up, it'll get into the left pulmonary and right pulmonary arteries, because you're going to go to the right and left branches of the heart.

是以，右心室如果順著方向向上，就會進入左肺動脈和右肺動脈，因為你要去心臟的左右分支。

So then that blood comes back through the pulmonary veins, as you can see over here on the right, into the left atrium, down through the left ventricle.

然後，血液會通過肺靜脈（如右圖所示）回到左心房，再通過左心室流出。

And then if you look at it, it kind of goes upward into the aorta and it spills out and superiorly through the aorta.

然後，如果你仔細觀察，它會向上進入主動脈，並通過主動脈向上方溢出。

You know, and then if you look up top here, this is what we would call the aortic arch.

再往上看，這就是我們所說的主動脈弓。

And then the aorta branches off into different, you know, smaller arteries, you know, and then you end up with the descending aorta that comes down to the backside of the heart.

然後，主動脈又分支成不同的小動脈，最終形成降主動脈，直達心臟背面。

So that's how the pathway would be for that.

是以，這就是實現這一目標的途徑。

We know the directionality, but what we don't, what we have to understand is that cardiac muscle really has to have a contraction just like skeletal muscle has to have a contraction for it to work.

我們知道方向性，但我們不知道的是，我們必須瞭解的是，心肌確實必須收縮，就像骨骼肌必須收縮才能工作一樣。

So we have our own, you know, our body has its own, you know, conduction system within it.

是以，我們的身體有自己的傳導系統。

So if you look at it, you know, our resting heart rate, you know, NASM basically explains, and this is probably going to be a test question on your physical CPT test, but your test question is looking more so at about 60 to 100 beats per minute for most people.

是以，如果你看看它，你知道，我們的靜息心率，你知道，NASM 基本上是這樣解釋的，這可能會成為你的體能 CPT 測試中的一個測試問題，但你的測試問題對大多數人來說更多的是在每分鐘 60 到 100 次左右。

Now, most people, most average people, people who exercise typically have the lower end of the heart rates.

現在，大多數人，大多數普通人，鍛鍊者的心率通常較低。

People who are, you know, that are hypertensive, well not hypertensive, people who are obese or hypertensive could be part of that.

肥胖或高血壓患者也可能是其中的一部分。

But if you're obese, sedentary, you don't do a lot of things, you know, you want to, you're probably going to realize that your heart rate is going to be more elevated because you are not using it correctly.

但如果你肥胖、久坐、不做很多事情，你知道，你想做的事情，你可能會意識到你的心率會更高，因為你沒有正確使用它。

So again, with our resting heart rate, we know we could take our pulse for that.

同樣，我們可以通過靜息心率來測量脈搏。

And we'll talk about that in a little while, but you know, that's one of those assessments that we can, are going to talk about.

我們稍後會討論這個問題，但你知道，這是我們可以討論的評估之一。

Actually, I believe that is in chapter 11 when we talk about how to take your pulse.

事實上，我相信這是在第 11 章中我們談到如何把脈時說的。

But you know, for now, understand that that's how we would do it, 60 second count, how many times the heart beats during that 60 seconds.

但你現在要明白，我們就是這樣做的，60 秒計數，60 秒內心臟跳動多少次。

Now, within our heart, we do have nerves, we have bundles of nerves that fly through the inner workings of our muscle, of the cardiac muscle of the actual heart itself.

現在，在我們的心臟內部，確實有神經，有成束的神經飛快地穿過我們的肌肉內部，穿過實際心臟本身的心肌。

And they are the ones that produce the lub-dub.

而他們就是生產 "Lub-dub "的人。

Now the lub-dub is the lub is the first contraction of the right side pump, the dub is the left side pump.

現在，"lub-dub "是指 "lub "是右側泵的第一次收縮，"dub "是指左側泵。

How are those, how does that have a reaction to it nervous system wise?

And its job is to contract the right atrium, all right, so that it can start its, you know, the path of the blood to come through.

它的工作就是收縮右心房，這樣它就可以開始，你知道，血液通過的路徑。

So, you know, it's located in the right atrium, but its job is to make sure that it gets the atrium, you know, both atria and down into the ventricles so that we have blood that shoves down, you know, into those ventricles so they're ready to go.

所以，你知道，它位於右心房，但它的工作是確保血液進入心房，你知道，兩個心房，並向下進入心室，這樣我們的血液就會向下，你知道，進入心室，這樣它們就準備好了。

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第 6 章 - 心肺、內分泌和消化系統 (Chapter 6 - The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems)

eventually

metabolism

basically

typically