Placeholder Image

字幕列表 影片播放

  • Hello, and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil.

  • And I'm Rob.

  • Now Rob, we've talked before on this  programme about our love of coffee.

  • Oh yes, indeed. I couldn't function without it.

  • But have you ever thought about the environmental  consequences of all those disposable coffee cups?

  • Oh yes, indeed. I always carry a reusable cup  with me so I don't have to throw one away.

  • So if a disposable cup is one you throw away,  

  • a reusable one is one that  you can use again and again.

  • Yes, there is a big problem with disposable  cups in that many of them can't be recycled,  

  • so there is a lot of waste for  something we only use for a short time.

  • What are the big coffee shop  chains doing about this problem?  

  • We'll find out a little bit more shortly, but  first, a quiz for you. Which country drinks the  

  • most coffee per capitaso not the total amount  of coffee but the average per person. Is it

  • a) Japan b) Kenya, or 

  • c) Finland What do you think, Rob?

  • Ooh, tricky. I don't think the Japanese are  big coffee drinkers and I know they produce  

  • a lot of coffee in Kenya. I'm surprised the  USA isn't on the list but I'm going to go with  

  • Finland. Just because.

  • Well, we'll see if you're right later in the  programme. On a recent BBC You and Yours radio  

  • programme they discussed the topic of coffee cupsSome of the big chains are now charging customers  

  • more for a disposable cup and giving discounts if  people bring their own reusable. However not all  

  • of the shops actually collect old cups and sort  them for recycling in the shop itself. Here's  

  • Jaz Rabadia from Starbucks, Is the store only  interested in facilities inside their shops?

  • It is something that we are in the process of  rolling out and it will be in all of our stores.  

  • It's also not just our stores in which these  cups end up. So we're doing a lot of work  

  • outside of our store environment to ensure that  paper cups can be recycled on the go. We're  

  • working with our environmental charity partner  Hubbub to increase recycling infrastructure  

  • outside of our stores because that too  is where a lot of our cups will end up.

  • So are they just working in their  stores at improving recycling?

  • Rob Well no, after all most people  

  • take their coffee out of the stores, so they are  working on recycling infrastructure outside as  

  • well. This will be things like bins and collection  points which are clearly marked for coffee cups.

  • And what about enabling recycling cups in store?

  • Well, she said that was something they are  rolling out to all stores. Rolling out here  

  • means introducing over a period of time. So  it's starting to happen but is not finished yet.

  • Let's listen again.

  • It is something that we are in the process of  rolling out and it will be in all of our stores.  

  • It's also not just our stores in which  these cups end up. So we're doing a lot  

  • of work outside of our store environment to  ensure that paper cups can be recycled on  

  • the go. We're working with our environmental  charity partner hubbub to increase recycling  

  • infrastructure outside of our stores because  that too is where a lot of our cups will end up.

  • Not everyone, however, believes that  the coffee chains are doing everything  

  • that they can. This is Mary Creagh,  a member of the British parliament.  

  • She compares the situation to that of the  plastic bag charge. This was a law brought  

  • in to force shops to charge customers for  plastic bags, which previously had been free.

  • If you think you're having to pay extra for  something, as we saw with the plastic bags,  

  • we think a similar psychological  measure is needed, a nudge measure,  

  • to encourage people to remember to  bring their reusable cup with them  

  • and of course this is something that the  coffee shops have been fighting tooth and nail.

  • Neil She  

  • thinks that we consumers need a nudge  to help us remember our reusable cups.

  • Rob Yes, we need a nudge,  

  • which is a little push, a reason. In this caseshe is thinking of a law to make them charge more.  

  • But she says the coffee chains really don't want  this, they are, she says, fighting it tooth and  

  • nail. If you fight something tooth and nail you  are against it completely and try to stop it.

  • Neil Let's hear MP Mary Creagh again.

  • If you think you're having to pay extra for  something, as we saw with the plastic bags,  

  • we think a similar psychological  measure is needed, a nudge measure,  

  • to encourage people to remember to  bring their reusable cup with them  

  • and of course this is something that the  coffee shops have been fighting tooth and nail.

  • Time to review our vocabulary, but first,  

  • let's have the answer to the quiz question. Which  country drinks the most coffee per capita? Is it

  • a) Japan b) Kenya, or 

  • c) Finland What did you think, Rob?

  • I took a bit of a guess at Finland.

  • Well, congratulations, your guess was correct.  

  • The Finns on average get through an amazing 12kg  of coffee a year, each. Now, onto the vocabulary.

  • We had a couple of related but opposite wordsSomething disposable is designed to be used  

  • once or a few times and then thrown away andreusable is designed to be used again and again.

  • We then had 'rolling out' which  in a business sense is the process  

  • of gradually introducing something  new. This could be a new system,  

  • new product, new technology or  even a new way of doing things.

  • New ideas often need new infrastructureThis is usually physical structures that  

  • are needed to make something work, for example,  

  • rail infrastructure includes  tracks, stations and signals.

  • A nudge is a small push,  

  • to encourage us to do something. You don't need  a nudge to carry a reusable coffee cup, do you?

  • Oh, no, I'm all for it. In fact, I'd fight  tooth and nail to keep hold of my reusable.  

  • Which is quite a coincidence as that was  our last expression today. To fight tooth  

  • and nail means to make a strong effort to  try to stop something or achieve something.

  • Well, that's all from us. We look  forward to your company next time.  

  • Until then, you can find us in all  the usual places on social media,  

  • online and on our app. Just search  for 'BBC Learning English'. Goodbye!

  • Goodbye!

  • Hello. This is 6 Minute English  from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

  • And I'm Sam. How are you, Neil?

  • I've been as busy as a bee this week, Sam.

  • Oh, don't you sound like the bee's knees!

  • All right, Sam, there's no need  to get a bee in your bonnet!

  • As you can hear, English is  full of idioms involving bees.

  • But the sad truth is that bee  numbers are declining at an  

  • alarming rate and in some  places disappearing altogether.

  • And this has serious consequences for humans.

  • Today, one third of the food we eat depends on  insects to pollinate crops, fruit and vegetables.

  • But bees are in trouble. In some  European countries up to half of  

  • all bee species are facing extinctionplacing our food supply chain at risk.

  • Bees are vital in pollinating hundreds of cropsfrom apples and blackberries to cucumbers.  

  • In fact, almost all plants need insects to  reproducewhich is my quiz questionof  

  • the world's top 50 crops, how many  rely on insect pollination? Is it

  • a) 35 out of 50?, 

  • b) 40 out of 50? or c) 45 out of 50?

  • I reckon those busy bees pollinate b)  40 out of 50 of the most common crops.

  • OK, Sam, we'll find out the answer later. Nowif you think back to your school biology lessons,  

  • you may remember that plants and flowers contain  both male and female reproductive parts inside.

  • But what exactly is going on  when bees pollinate a plant?  

  • Here's Claire Bates from BBC World Service  programme People Fixing the World to remind us:

  • What is pollination? All flowering plants need it  to reproduce. Pollen is moved from the male part  

  • of a flower to the female part of a flower, then  fertilisation can happen causing fruit to grow.  

  • Some staple crops such as wheat, rice and corn  are pollinated by the wind however many plants  

  • don't release their pollen easily and this is  where insects, and especially bees, come in.  

  • As they collect nectar to eat, pollen sticks to  them and they carry it from flower to flower.

  • Pollination is the process in which  pollen is taken from one plant to another  

  • so that it can reproduce. This is the  important work done by bees and insects.

  • Only after pollination can the next process  occurfertilisation - when the pollen carried  

  • from another plant fertilisesfemale ovule to make new seeds.

  • Fertilisation occurs in all flowering  plants, some of which like wheat,  

  • potatoes and rice are staple crops - food  that is eaten in large amounts as part of  

  • a community's daily diet and provides a large  fraction of their energy and nutrient needs.

  • Fewer bees reduces pollination levels, meaning  fewer new seeds are created and fewer crops grown.

  • But it isn't just the decline in bee numbers  causing a problem. Like us, bees need to rest  

  • and this has led some to come up with creative  new ways of supplementing bee pollination.

  • One such innovator is Keren Mimran, co-founder of  agro-tech company, Edete. Here she is, explaining  

  • how dropping pollen from drones can pollinate  crops, giving a helping hand to hard-working bees.

  • How come our food security is so much dependent  on an insect that we cannot really control? We  

  • can bring the bees to the orchard or to a field  but we cannot control their behaviour. They do  

  • not come out of the hive when it's raining or when  there's heavy wind, they work only during daytime.  

  • There must be a possibility of developingmechanical solution to the pollination challenge.

  • Keren Mimran speaking on the BBC World  Service programme People Fixing The  

  • World. Bees' behaviour can't be controlled  - when it rains they won't leave their hive  

  • the structure where bees live, either built  by people or made by the bees themselves.

  • So Keren's company has developed drones to drop  

  • pollen on her orchardan area of  land on which fruit trees are grown.

  • The need for these high-tech solutions reflects  

  • the seriousness of the pollination problem  for food security -everyone getting enough  

  • affordable and nutritious food to  meet their daily dietary needs.

  • I had no idea bees were so important, NeilMaybe I underestimated how hard they work.

  • Ah, you mean today's quiz question.  I asked you how many of the top 50  

  • world crops rely on insect pollination.

  • And I said b) 40 out of 50 of the top crops.

  • And you are right! They certainly are the bee's  knees when it comes to pollinating plants!

  • So in today's programme we've been  hearing about the important role  

  • bees play in pollinationtransferring  pollen from plant to plant,  

  • necessary for the next stage of fertilisation  – producing new seeds and fruit inside a plant.

  • Bees and insects play a vital role in growing the  world's staple crops - food which, eaten in large  

  • amounts, makes up the majority of a community's  daily diet and meets their nutrient needs.

  • So bee numbers are directly linked to the issue  of food security - everyone getting enough  

  • affordable, nutritious food  to meet their dietary needs.

  • Which explains why, when bees won't leave  their home - or hivesome people have  

  • started using drones to pollinate their  orchardsland growing fruit trees.

  • And that's it for this edition  of 6 Minute English. Bye for now!

  • Goodbye!

  • Hello, and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil.

  • And hello, I'm Rob.

  • Today we're talking about plastic.

  • Yes, it's our addiction to plastic that is  of concern because this material doesn't  

  • decay very quickly, so once we've used  it, it hangs around for a very long time.

  • It is a problemand decay, by the  way, describes the natural process  

  • of something being destroyed or breaking  down into small particles. We hear so much  

  • about the consequences of having too  much waste plastic around, don't we?

  • Indeed. Not only does it cause a messwildlife, particularly marine animals,  

  • are at risk when they become  entangled in plastic waste,  

  • or ingest it. It's an issue that needs  tacklingor dealing with. And that's  

  • what we'll be discussing today and finding out  what could be done to solve this plastic crisis.

  • OK, first, let's challenge you to answerquestion about plastic, Rob. The first synthetic  

  • plasticthat's plastic made entirely from  man-made materials - was created over 100 years  

  • ago. Do you know what its brand name was? Was it… a) Bakelite

  • b) Lucite or c) Formica?

  • I'm no expert, so I'll say c) Formica.

  • Well, we'll reveal the answer at the end of the  programme. Now let's talk more about plastic.  

  • This man-made substance is everywhere - from  clothing to crisp packets, and bottles to buckets.

  • But the problem is that most of it isn't  biodegradablethat's a word that describes  

  • something that can decay naturally without  harming anything. Each year, 400 million  

  • tonnes of plastic is produced and 40% of that  is single-use. So why don't we stop using it?

  • It's not that easy, Rob, and it's something  Lucy Siegle, a BBC reporter and author, has been  

  • talking about. She was speaking in a discussion  on the Costing the Earth programme on BBC Radio 4,  

  • and explained the issue we have with quitting  plastic but also how our attitude is changing

  • We have this weird psychological attachment to  this material that's been around and it's like  

  • a push and pull. At the one time, we're so  horrified by what we're seeingthe whales  

  • dying, the oceans vomiting plasticbeaming in from all over the world,  

  • and at the same time we're being  told we can't live without it,  

  • so that creates a psychological dissonance  –which I think is the barrier to behavioural  

  • change but I'm finding now awareness has  peaked and it's going over into activism.

  • She mentioned the word psychological –  that's something that affects or involves  

  • our mindso here, psychological  attachment means that in our mind  

  • we feel we have to use plasticwe're addicted.

  • But we also see the negative impact of plastic  – like whales dyingand in our mind we're also  

  • thinking we must stop! This has created what Lucy  says is a 'psychological dissonance' - dissonance  

  • means a disagreement between two opposing  ideasso we're having an argument in our  

  • head about the right thing to dothis is the  'push and pull' of thoughts she referred to.

  • And this dissonance has been the barrier to  us trying to solve the plastic issuebut  

  • now we're starting to do something about it  – we're taking action to reduce our plastic  

  • wastewe're turning to activism. That's  taking action to change somethingit  

  • could be social or political change, or  a change in our behaviour or attitude.

  • Of course there has been a big pushthat means  people have been strongly encouragedto recycle.

  • Maybe in an ideal world the best thing to do is  go plastic-freebut that isn't easy, is it?

  • No, it isn't, and it's something Lucy Siegle  spoke about. Getting rid of plastic in our  

  • lives is a gradual process. But where does  she think we can make the biggest difference?

  • I really think that to concentrate on  stopping the flow of plastics into your life  

  • is easier and more effective in the long termthan trying to go plastic-free from the outset.  

  • We are in the UK, a supermarket  culture, so a lot of the tips and  

  • tricks to decreasing the flow of plastic  are getting round supermarket culture.

  • She says we have a supermarket culture in the  UK. Culture here describes a way of lifeor  

  • a way that we generally behaveand in terms of  food shopping, we tend to do that in supermarkets.

  • So, for example, customers can  make a big difference by putting  

  • pressure on supermarkets to  use less plastic packaging.  

  • It does seem that the future of plastic is  in our handswe need to be more careful  

  • about how and when we use itand use our  collective power to force change if it's needed.

  • But there's no doubt plastic  is useful for many things  

  • so it will be a long time  before it disappears altogether.

  • And earlier I asked you what was the name of  the first synthetic plastic, invented over a 100  

  • years ago. Was it… a) Bakelite

  • b) Lucite or c) Formica?

  • And I said c) Formica. Was I right?

  • Formica is a type of hard plastic used  for covering tables and working areas  

  • in kitchensbut it's not the  oldest type. That was Bakelite.

  • I may have got that wrong but hopefully I'll  have more success recapping some of today's  

  • vocabularystarting with decay, which describes  the natural process of something being destroyed  

  • or breaking down into small particles –  which plastic takes a long time to do.

  • Next, we had biodegradablethat's a word to  

  • describe something that can decay  naturally without harming anything.

  • Then we had psychologicalthat's something  that affects or involves your mind.

  • Next up, we had dissonance, which describes  a disagreement between two opposing ideas.

  • And then we mentioned activism  - that's taking action  

  • to change something. We also mentioned  the phrase a big push which means people  

  • are strongly encouraged or persuaded  to do something, usefully by force.

  • And finally we had culture. In our  context of supermarket culture,  

  • it describes a way of lifeor  a way that we generally behave.

  • Thanks, Neil. Now, remember you can find more  learning English programmes and materials  

  • on our website at bbclearningenglish.com. That's  

  • it for now but please join us next  time for 6 Minute English. Goodbye.

  • Neil Goodbye.

  • Hello. This is 6 Minute English  from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

  • And I'm Rob.

  • I've been reading about ways to protect  the environment, Rob, and I've decided  

  • to eat less meat. And maybe drive my car less too.

  • Good for you, Neil! And flying less  can also help reduce air pollution.

  • Right. Flying and driving less are  two good ways to combat climate change  

  • because they reduce your carbon footprint  – that's the amount of carbon dioxide or  

  • CO2 released into the atmosphere as  a result of your everyday activities.

  • The idea of reducing carbon emissions is  catching on in the music industry too.  

  • Bands and artists who go on tour around  the world generate large carbon footprints.

  • So recently some music groups  like Massive Attack and Green Day  

  • started thinking about ways to reduce the impact  their tours are having on the environment.

  • Ha! Green Daywhat a good name forband trying to be environmentally friendly!

  • Today we'll be finding out  about bands and musicians  

  • who want to continue going on tour but do it in  ways which reduce their environmental impact.  

  • And of course, we'll be learning  some related vocabulary on the way.

  • So, it seems like the days of rock and roll  stars flying around the world in private jets  

  • may soon be a thing of the past.

  • Indeed, Rob, and that brings me neatly to my quiz  question. One British band recently announced  

  • they would stop going on tour until they were  100% carbon neutral, but which band? Was it:

  • a) The 1975

  • b) The Rolling Stones, or

  • c) Coldplay

  • Well, Coldplay had a hit with  their song The Scientist,  

  • and we are talking about carbon dioxide  and the climate, so I'll say c) Coldplay.

  • Good thinking, Rob! We'll find out the answer  later. But first let's hear from another artist  

  • concerned about her carbon impactFay Milton is the drummer of the band  

  • Savages and co-founder of  the climate pressure group  

  • Music Declares Emergency. She spoke to  BBC Radio 4's programme You & Yours:

  • This year I have actually turned  down a tour. My income comes from  

  • touring so it has put me inbit of a precarious situation  

  • but I actually feel quite good about itit  feels like the right thing to do in this moment.

  • Even though Fay earns a living  as a drummer by going on tour,  

  • she has started to turn them downmeaning  to reject or refuse the offer of touring.

  • Losing the income she usually gets from touring  

  • puts Fay in a precarious situation – a  situation where things could become difficult,  

  • in this case financially difficult, because  she isn't making money from playing the drums.

  • But she still wants to do the  right thingin other words,  

  • do what is most fair, ethical and justFor Fay, fighting climate change is even  

  • more important than doing what she  lovesgoing on tour with the band.

  • Well, good for her! I'm not sure if I'd be so  committed as Fay. But if bands stopped touring  

  • altogether, fans wouldn't get to see gigs –  or live concerts and hear the music they love.

  • Well, that's an interesting point because it  might be possible for bands to carry on touring  

  • and also reduce their environmental impact at  the same time. Bristol band, Massive Attack,  

  • want to do exactly that. Their  singer Robert Del Naja explains:

  • We're working with an electric bus companyWe're going to look at all the energy being  

  • renewable and obviously the power we  can create will go back to the grid,  

  • so we're hoping we can actually create legacy  green infrastructure which can then power  

  • future gigs. We plan to travel to Europe solely by  train, with the band, the crew and all the gear.

  • Swapping tour planes for trains and  encouraging fans to travel to gigs  

  • by bus are two good ways to reduce the  total carbon footprint of the concert.

  • And by using renewable energy, the gig can create  power. This can then be put back into the national  

  • grid, called the grid for shortthe network  supplying electrical power across a country.

  • Well, Massive Attack are certainly  ticking all the green boxes, Neil,  

  • but who else is doing a good jobRemember your quiz question earlier?

  • Ah, yes. I asked which band has decided to stop  

  • touring until their tours were  carbon neutral and you said?

  • I said c) Coldplay.

  • And you were right! Are you a Coldplay fan, Rob?  

  • Just remember to leave your car at  home the next time you go to their gig!

  • Right! Today, we've been looking at some of the  

  • ways music bands and artists are  trying to fight climate change.  

  • They want to reduce their carbon footprint –  the amount of carbon they release into the air.

  • Some musicians are starting to turn downor  refuse, long world tour dates because flying from  

  • country to country playing gigsor live musical  concerts, generates so much carbon dioxide.

  • Bands like Savages, Green Day and  Massive Attack are trying to do the  

  • right thing - taking the most fair and ethical  course of action, even though for some artists,  

  • the income lost from not touring puts them  in a precariousor difficult situation.

  • But when they get it right, bands can be carbon  neutral or even generate power which can be put  

  • back into the national gridthe network  supplying electrical power across a country.

  • All of which means we can 'keep  on rocking' into the next century  

  • without increasing carbon emissions  and adding to climate change.

  • So, Rob, you could say you were  'born to run'… on renewable energy!

  • Ha-ha! Very funny, Neil. That's all for  today but remember to join us again soon  

  • for more topical discussions and vocabulary from  6 Minute English, here at BBC Learning English.

  • Thanks for listening and bye!

  • Bye.

  • Hello. This is 6 Minute English  from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

  • And I'm Sam.

  • In this programme, we'll be asking looking at some  of the many dangers facing humanity, from climate  

  • change and global pandemics to asteroid impacts  and nuclear war. We'll be finding out whether  

  • human civilisation can survive these risks and  looking at some of the related vocabulary as well.

  • Do you really think humans could become  extinct and end up as dead as the dodo?

  • Ah, so of course you've heard of the dodo?

  • Yes, dodos were large, metre-high  birds which died out in the 1600s  

  • after being hunted to extinction by humans.

  • That's right. Dodos couldn't  fly and weren't very clever.  

  • They didn't hide when sailors with  hunting dogs landed on their island.  

  • The species was hunted so much that within  a century, every single bird had died out.  

  • But do you know which island the dodo was fromSam? That's my quiz question for today. Was it:

  • a) The Galapagos

  • b) Mauritius

  • c) Fiji

  • I'll guess the Galapagos, Neil, because  I know many exotic animals live there.  

  • By the way, that's also cheered  me up a bit because as humans we  

  • are much smarter than the dodo! We're  far too clever to die out, aren't we?

  • I'm not sure I agree, Sam. Lots of  the existential risks - the worst  

  • possible things that could happen  to humanity, such as nuclear war,  

  • global pandemics or rogue artificial  intelligence, are human-made. These  

  • threats could have catastrophic consequences  for human survival in the 21st century.

  • That's true. But existential risks don't only  threaten the survival of the human species.  

  • Instead, they could destroy  civilisation as we know it,  

  • leaving pockets of survivors to  struggle on in a post-apocalyptic world.

  • And it wouldn't be the first  time that has happened,  

  • as the BBC World Service  programme The Inquiry found out.  

  • Simon Beard of the Centre for the Study of  Existential Risk at Cambridge University explains:

  • The historical record suggests that about once  every thousand years an event occurs that wipes  

  • out about a third of the human populationso in  the Middle Ages, this was the Black Death - huge  

  • plague that covered Eurasia, while there was also  dramatic global cooling at that time which many  

  • people think was related to volcanic eruptions  and about a third of the global population died.

  • So, humanity has been facing these risks  throughout history, according to the historical  

  • recordthe collection of all written and  recorded past events concerning the human race.

  • Yes. Wars and plaguesinfectious, epidemic  diseases which spread between countries  

  • can quickly wipe outor completely  destroy, millions of people.

  • And there's not much we can do  to stop disasters like that!

  • True, Sam, but what about individuals who actively  work to bring about the end of the world - like  

  • apocalyptic terrorists, rampage shooters  and fundamentalist cults like those who  

  • organised the poisonous gas  attack on the Tokyo subway.

  • Those are people who want to end  human life on Earth and bring about  

  • Doomsday - another word for the finalapocalyptic day of the world's existence.

  • Right. And things got even scarier in modern  times with the invention of nuclear weapons.  

  • During the Cuban Missile Crisis between America  and the USSR for example, risk experts estimated  

  • a 41% probability that human life would be  completely wiped out! Seth Baum of New York's  

  • Global Catastrophic Risk Institute explains  how human error almost brought about Doomsday:

  • There are some ways that you  could get to a nuclear war  

  • without really intending to, and probably the  biggest example is if you have a false alarm  

  • that is mistaken as a nuclear attackand there have been a number of,  

  • maybe even very serious false alarms, over the  years, in which one side or the other genuinely  

  • believed that they were under nuclear attack, when  in fact they were not at all under nuclear attack.

  • One such false alarm - an incorrect  warning given so that people wrongly  

  • believe something dangerous is about to  happen, came about in 1995, when the US  

  • sent missiles up into the Earth's atmosphere to  study the aurora borealis, the northern lights.

  • Soviet radars picked up the missiles, thinking  they were nuclear warheads and almost retaliated.  

  • Nuclear Armageddon was only averted by the  actions of one clear-thinking Russian general  

  • who decided not to push the red button

  • Phew! A close shave then! WellNeil, all this doomongering has  

  • made me want to just give it all  up and live on a desert island!

  • Like the dodo eh, Sam? So, which  island would that be? If you remember,  

  • today's quiz question asked  where the dodo was from.

  • I said The Galapagos.

  • And I'm afraid to say it was b) Mauritius. Soto recap, in this programme we've been discussing  

  • Doomsdaythe final day of life  on Earth and other existential  

  • threats - dangers threatening the  survival of humans on the planet.

  • We looked back throughout the historical  record - all recorded human history,  

  • to see examples of threats which have wiped  out, or killed millions of people in the past,  

  • including wars and plagues which spread  epidemic diseases between populations.

  • And we've seen how modern dangerslike nuclear war and climate change,  

  • further reduce the probability of human  survival. But Sam, it's not all doom and gloom!  

  • The same scientific intelligence  which spilt the atom could also find  

  • solutions to our human-made problems  in the 21st century, don't you think?

  • So, the end of the world might be a false  alarmor unfounded warningafter all!

  • Let's hope we'll all still be here next time for  another edition of 6 Minute English. Bye for now!

  • Bye.

  • Hello. This is 6 Minute English  from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam

  • And I'm Neil.

  • In this programme, we're discussing low emission  

  • zones and explaining some useful  items of vocabulary along the way.

  • Well, that's good, Sam. But what  exactly is a low emission zone?

  • Well, the noun emission is an amount of,  

  • usually, gas, that is sent out into the air  and harms the environmentit's pollution.  

  • And a low emission zone is an area of a city  where the amount of pollution is controlled.

  • Of course, and cities like London have them  - most vehicles, including cars and vans,  

  • need to meet certain emissions standards  or their drivers must pay a daily charge  

  • to drive within the zoneor they  might even be banned altogether.

  • Exactly. It's all about making the air we  breathe cleaner. And my question today is  

  • about one UK city which recently announced  it wants to be the country's first 'net zero'  

  • city - placing their greenhouse emissions at  a neutral level. But which one is it? Is it

  • a) Glasgow

  • b) Manchester

  • c) Cardiff 

  • Ah yes, I've heard about this  and I'm sure it is a) Glasgow.

  • OK, I'll let you know if that was  correct at the end of the programme. Now,  

  • Neil mentioned that London already has an  ultra-low emission zone. But this year,  

  • other UK cities, including Bath, Leeds and  Birmingham, are also bringing in Clean Air Zones.

  • And around the world, many other cities, like  Beijing, Paris and Madrid have these zones.  

  • Although there are many types of emissions, such  as from factories, these zones predominantly  

  • target exhaust fumes from vehicles –  poisonous gases called nitrogen dioxide.

  • Let's hear from an expert on this - Alastair  Lewis, who is a Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry  

  • at the University of York. He spoke to BBC Radio  4's Inside Science programme and explained why  

  • we should be trying to reduce these pollutants –  a word for the substances that cause pollution

  • Most of the evidence we have now on air  pollution is that we continue to see  

  • health benefits by reducing pollution, even when  you're below the target value. So, just because  

  • the city meets a particular value, there is still  an incentive to continue to improve air quality,  

  • because the health benefits continue to build  up as you do that. So, targets are very good  

  • at focusing the mind, but they shouldn't  be the only thing that we're considering.

  • Alastair Lewis mentions 'targets'. These are  official levels of something that need to  

  • be achieved. They give us something to aim  forin this case reducing air pollution.

  • He uses the phrase 'focusing the mind' – that  means to concentrate on one idea or thought.

  • But, while setting a target to cut air pollution  is goodit has health benefitswe shouldn't  

  • just focus on meeting the target. Even  if the target is met, we shouldn't stop  

  • trying to improve. The incentive should  be that we are improving people's health.

  • And an incentive is something that  encourages someone to do something.  

  • So, I think it's accepted that creating low  emission zones is an incentive because it  

  • encourages people to either not drive into cities  or to, at least, drive low-polluting vehicles.

  • And, of course, changing to electric-powered cars  

  • is one way to do this. There's more of an  incentive to do this now, at least in the UK,  

  • because the government has said new diesel and  petrol cars and vans will be banned from 2040.

  • But pollution from vehicles is just part of  the problem, as Alastair Lewis points out

  • One has to accept that air  pollution is an enormously complex  

  • problem with a very very large number of  contributing sources, and there will never  

  • be any one single action that will cure the  problem for us. So, low emission zones are  

  • one way to reduce concentrations, but they are  not, in isolation, going to be the solution.

  • So, Alastair points out that air pollution  is a complex problemit's complicated,  

  • difficult and involves many parts.

  • Yes, there are many sourcesthings  that create these emissions. So,  

  • it's not possible to solve - or cure  – the problem by doing one thing.  

  • Low emission zones are only one  part of the solution to the problem.

  • He said it was one way to reduce concentrations  – he means amounts of substances, pollutants,  

  • found in something, which here is the air.

  • Well, earlier, Neil, you had to concentrate  your mind and answer a question about  

  • emissions. I asked which UK city recently  announced it wants to be the country's first  

  • 'net zero' city - placing their greenhouse  emissions at a neutral level. Was it

  • a) Glasgow

  • b) Manchester, or

  • c) Cardiff

  • And, Neil, what did you say?

  • I said it's Glasgow.

  • And it is Glasgow! Well done, Neil. It wants  to become the UK's first 'net zero' city. And  

  • later this year it is hosting a major  United Nations climate change summit.

  • OK, Sam, I think we need a recap of the vocabulary  we've discussed, starting with emissions

  • Emissions are amounts of, usually, gas that is  sent out into the air from things like cars.  

  • They harm the environment. And pollutants are  the actual substances that cause pollution

  • To focus the mind means to  concentrate on one idea or thought.

  • And we mentioned an incentive, which is something  that encourages someone to do something.

  • Complex describes something that is  complicated, difficult and involves many parts.

  • And when talking about pollution, we  sometimes talk about concentrations.  

  • These are amounts of substancesor pollutants, within something.

  • So, in a polluted city, we might  find high concentrations of nitrogen  

  • dioxide because of all the traffic –  it's not great for our health, Sam.

  • Indeed, Neilthat's why  we need low emission zones!  

  • And that brings us to the end of thisMinute English programme. See you soon. Bye.

  • Goodbye.

  • Hello and happy Christmas! This  is 6 Minute English with me,  

  • Neil. And joining me today is Sam.

  • Hello.

  • So, Sam, are you feeling excited about Christmas?

  • Of course! Time with friends  and family, eating lots,  

  • partying, presentsand generally  indulgingwhat's not to like?

  • Indulgingallowing yourself to have perhaps  too much of something you enjoy. Well, it only  

  • happens once a year, Sam. But for those of us  who do celebrate Christmas, it comes at a price.

  • Yes, well buying all those  presents can be expensive.

  • Not just that, Sam. I mean it comes at a cost  to the environment, as we'll explain shortly.  

  • But let's start off with a quiz question for you  to answer. In 2010, a Christmas tree in Belgium  

  • was awarded the world record for having the most  lights on itbut do you how many? Were there

  • a) 19,672

  • b) 94,672, or

  • c) 194,672

  • What do you think, Sam?

  • Well, I don't think you could fit 194, 673 lights  on a Christmas tree, so I'll say a) 19,672.

  • OK. Well, we'll find out how 'brightyou are at the end of the programme!  

  • Of course, Christmas trees are  the ultimate Christmas decoration.  

  • It's part of the Christmas tradition and  millions are bought around the world each year.  

  • But what impact do Christmas trees - real  and artificial - have on the environment?

  • Well before we answer that, let's hear  from some of the BBC Learning English  

  • team who chose to have a real Christmas  tree in their home and find out why

  • Well, you've got the smell of it. You've got  the look of it. But more importantly, it's  

  • Christmas trees are supposed to be symbolicaren't they? So the idea of something that  

  • stays green all year, so bringing that  into your house it, it means something.

  • I just think a real Christmas tree  is more festive and more Christmassy.  

  • And it's just the tradition to get  a real Christmas tree, that's all.

  • There's something more beautiful  about the nature, the smell,  

  • the feel, the look of the tree and I like it to  be sustainable. So, as long as I get my tree from  

  • a person that promises to grow two or three  in its place, then I'm really, really happy.

  • Yes, I agreeyou can't beat havingreal Christmas tree. And as Phil said, it's  

  • symbolicit represents something importantand  here a Christmas tree is the symbol of Christmas.

  • And as Jiaying mentioned, it's a tradition  – something that's done regularly and has  

  • become the expected thing to doand I'd  agree it makes things more festive – a  

  • word to describe the joyful feeling you get  when celebrating something like Christmas.

  • But of course, all these trees are  often thrown away, which is wasteful.  

  • That's why Roy mentioned his tree being  sustainablewhich means they can continue  

  • to be grown and cut down over a longer period  so it's less harmful to the environment.

  • Well, an alternative to a real Christmas  tree is a fake or artificial one,  

  • which is what Feifei from our team has  in her house. What are the reasons why?

  • We have a plastic Christmas tree, which we've had  for about nine years. So it's plastic so you can  

  • re-use it every year and it's more economicaland we don't have to keep buying new trees.

  • So Feifei's fake tree is made of  plasticso that's not great for  

  • recyclingbut the good thing is she  uses it year after year which makes  

  • it economicalwhich means it doesn't  cost a lot of money, it's good value.

  • Ah, but even Feifei admits it doesn't  have the smell and feel of a real tree.  

  • It's a dilemma isn't it, Neil?

  • Yeswhat's best for us and  what's best for the environment?  

  • The BBC's Reality Check programme found that real  trees take about 12 years to grow and as they do,  

  • they absorb carbon from the atmosphere and  nitrogen from the soilso a good thing.

  • But when it's chopped down, it starts to release  emissions back into the atmosphereespecially if  

  • you have to transport it to your home. And when  Christmas is over, if it ends up in landfill,  

  • the tree's carbon footprint will be higher.

  • But its carbon footprint will be lowered if it's  recycled or compostedthat's the process of  

  • allowing it to decay and then adding it to the  ground to improve soil quality. A fake tree on  

  • the other hand is usually imported, and can't  usually be recycled but, as Feifei mentioned,  

  • it can be re-used. But without any type of  Christmas tree, where would we put all those  

  • lights I mentioned earlier, Sam? I asked youIn 2010, a Christmas tree in Belgium was awarded  

  • the world record for having the most lights on it  – but did you know how many? What do you say, Sam?

  • I think I said 19,672.

  • Ooo, not very bright I'm afraidThere were in fact 194, 672!

  • Wowthink of the electricity  that must have used!

  • Indeed. Well, let's enlighten everyone with  some of the vocabulary we've discussed today.

  • OK, well we started talking  about indulgingthat means  

  • allowing yourself to have perhaps  too much of something you enjoy.

  • When something is symbolic, it  represents something important.  

  • And the word festive describes the joyful feeling  you get when celebrating something like Christmas.

  • Like the festive jumper you are  wearing today, Neilvery jolly!  

  • OK, next we mentioned sustainablewhich means  

  • the ability to do something over a long period  of time without harming the environment.

  • Economical describes doing something that  doesn't cost a lot of money, it's good value.

  • And when something is composted, it  is allowed to decayand it turns  

  • in to compost which can be added back  into the soil to improve its quality.

  • Thank you, Sam. And that brings us to  the end of 6 Minute English for now.  

  • It just leaves us to wish youvery happy Christmas. Goodbye.

  • Goodbye.

  • Hello. This is 6 Minute English  from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

  • And I'm Georgina.

  • Sorry I was late today, Georgina. I'd forgotten  to take the recycling bins out before the rubbish  

  • collection this morning. I seem to have more and  more plastic packaging each week! Actually, that's  

  • the topic of our programme. With more and more  household waste being either incineratedthat's  

  • burned - or being buried underground, we'll  be asking - is the recycling system broken?

  • China used to accept 55% of the world's  plastic and paper scrapanother word for  

  • unwanted waste - or in other words, rubbishThat included waste sent over from Britain.  

  • But in 2018 it stopped taking any more.

  • Other countries like Indonesia and Vietnam  took over China's waste processing role.  

  • But they too are now sending  much of the scrap back,  

  • arguing it is contaminated and it  is harming their own environments.

  • This has created major problems  for countries in the West  

  • who traditionally relied on others  to process their recycling waste.

  • And the problem isn't going away. In fact, we  are creating more household waste than ever.  

  • So here's my quiz question. On average, how many  kilograms of household waste were generated per  

  • person in the UK last year? Was it: a) 280 kg 

  • b) 480 kg c) 680 kg

  • That sounds like a lot of  waste! I'll say a) 280 kg.

  • OK. We'll find out later if you were rightAlthough nowadays people are recycling more,  

  • the use of plastic isn't  decreasing at the same rate.  

  • The BBC World Service's programme  The Inquiry spoke to Roland Geyer,  

  • a professor at the University of  California about the current situation.

  • There's been a real raise in consciousness  which is fantastic and I'm really glad  

  • that now it seems the public at large  is really interested in this issue  

  • and appalled and wants to do something about itwants to change it. But at the same time I don't  

  • see yet any real action that would make  things better because while all of this  

  • is happening the virgin plastic industry is  actually increasing its production capacity.

  • Workers who process recycling are often exposed  to dangerous waste materials which can harm them.  

  • Professor Geyer says there has been a raise in  consciousness about this problemmeaning that  

  • people are being told about an unfair situation  with the aim of asking them to help change it.  

  • Now, professor Geyer is an American  and he uses 'raise' as a noun.

  • The main problem comes from virgin plastic  - original, unused plastic containers.  

  • These are made directly from  fossil fuels like crude oil  

  • or natural gas - major sources of  carbon dioxide and climate change.

  • But consciousness-raising of  this issue is having an impact.  

  • The public at largemeaning most  people in the world, rather than just  

  • some of themare concerned about the increase  in plastic waste and want to do something to help.

  • However, it's not always easy to  know what the best way to help is.

  • Another expert, Professor Monic Sun,  

  • believes that focusing only on  recycling may not be the best idea.  

  • She conducted psychological experiments to find  out more about peoples' attitudes to recycling

  • ..and surprisingly found that if people know  

  • recycling is an option they tend to use  more resources. They reduce any guilty  

  • feelings by telling themselves that  the material will be recycled anyway.

  • We have the slogan of 'Reduce, Reuse  and Recycle' and the priority should  

  • be exactly thatreduce and reuse is  better than recycling. And the cost of  

  • recycling is often not emphasised enoughPeople perceive recycling to be great but  

  • there's actually significant labour and  material costs associated with recycling.

  • Professor Sun mentions 'Reduce, Reuse and  Recycle' as a useful slogan - a short,  

  • easily remembered phraseoften used to promote an idea,  

  • in this case, that we should all do  what we can to protect the environment.

  • But while protecting the planet is  a common goal, recycling in itself  

  • may not be so important. It's better  to reduce and reuse than recycle,  

  • so these two objectives should be emphasised  - highlighted as being especially important.

  • Do you remember my quiz question? I asked you how  

  • many kilograms of waste the average  British person generated last year.

  • I reckoned it was a) 280 kg.

  • That would be bad enough, but the real  answer is b) 480 kg. Multiply that by  

  • the UK population of 66 million and you  start to see the size of the problem!

  • Today we've been talking about the  problems associated with recycling  

  • scrapanother word for rubbish.

  • Western countries used to send their rubbish to  China for recycling but this caused issues for  

  • the local environment. Some groups raised  consciousness about the problemmade  

  • people aware of the situation to  encourage them to help change it.

  • The public at largemost  people in the worldare now  

  • aware of the need to 'Reduce, Reuse and Recycle',  

  • the sloganor short, memorable phraseused  by environmentalists to spread their message.

  • A related problem is the increase of virgin  plasticoriginal, unused plastic made from  

  • fossil fuels. Recycling is unable to keep pace  with virgin plastic production, so instead  

  • reducing and reusing plastic should be emphasised  - highlighted as being especially important.

  • And that's all from us. Bye for now.

  • Bye.

  • Hello, this is 6 Minute English. I'm Neil.

  • And I'm Georgina.

  • Georgina, what do you do to cheer yourself up?

  • Having a walk usually helps –  especially if it's in the countryside.

  • Yes, being in all the green open  space can certainly help us relax  

  • and de-stressgetting back to nature  can be a tonic when you're feeling down.

  • Georgina A tonic is  

  • something that makes you feel happier  and healthier. I'll drink to that!

  • Me too. But connecting with the natural world  is particularly beneficial to people with mental  

  • health issues such as clinical depression. And  it's something that's being called 'ecotherapy'.  

  • More on that in a moment but here's a  question for you to answer, Georgina.

  • OK, Neil. Fire away.

  • Well, seeing or even hugging trees is a form of  therapy, but how high is the world's tallest tree  

  • thought to be? Is it... a) 65.8 metres

  • b) 115.8 metres, or c) 185.8 metres 

  • Georgina, any ideas?

  • Not a cluebut let's go for the  highest figure of 185.8 metres.

  • Are you sure? Well, we'll have to wait  until the end of the programme to find out.  

  • Now, the mental health charity, Minddescribes ecotherapy as a formal type of  

  • treatment which involves doing  outdoor activities in nature.  

  • However, there's not one simple definitionit just relates to doing activities outdoors.

  • Yes, it can involve doing many  things, such as outdoor yoga or  

  • horticultureanother name for gardeningIt doesn't involve taking medication,  

  • but instead, it just developsperson's relationship with nature.

  • It's something Patricia Hasbach knows a lot aboutShe's a clinical psychotherapist and told the BBC  

  • Radio programme Health Check how ecotherapy  can help. Does she say it can help everyone?

  • I often think about ecotherapy as another  tool in the therapist's toolbox. It's not a  

  • panacea. It's not going to erase somebody's  pain or grief. But it is a powerful tool,  

  • you know. Traditionally therapy  has stopped at the urban boundary.

  • So it's interesting that she describes  ecotherapy as a toolsomething that can  

  • be used to achieve something else. Here is can  be used to help improve someone's mental health.

  • Ah, but she says it's not a panaceaso not  something that will solve everythingit won't  

  • erase or get rid of someone's pain. But going  beyond what she calls the 'urban boundary',  

  • and into the natural world, means there  is another method for helping people.

  • Now, as we've mentioned, ecotherapy can take  on many formsdoing art in a forest or  

  • running on a beach are all therapeutic. They're  things that makes you feel better or healthier.

  • Well, I think that's clear, but what is  it about the outdoors that affects us?

  • A good question, Georgina. It seems from research  that our busy brains are always on guard, but when  

  • we get into nature it gets a break, there's not  so much to be on the lookout for and we can relax.

  • Well, it does seem the negative symptoms  of urban life can benefit from a dose of  

  • nature – a dose is an amount of somethingLet's get a good explanation from an expert.  

  • Environmental psychologist Birgitta Gatersleben  also spoke to the BBC Health Check programme  

  • and gave two reasonsone of them, she  explained, was something called 'biophilia'.

  • Biophilia, very briefly, is really  an innate positive response that  

  • people have with life and life-like features.  

  • The idea that nature reminds us of life, and  if we (are) exposed to the natural elements  

  • then our sort of negative feelings get almost  immediately replaced with positive emotions.

  • Birgitta Gatersleben there explaining  biophiliawhich is a passion for  

  • or empathy with the natural  world and living things.

  • She said biophilia is innate, which  means is a quality that you're born with.  

  • So basically, most of us were born to  connect with naturenature reminds  

  • us of life and gives us good, positive emotions.

  • Naturally. OK. Well, Georgina, maybe getting  today's quiz question right will give you positive  

  • emotions. Earlier I asked you how high the  world's tallest tree is thought to be. Is it... 

  • a) 65.8 metres, b) 115.8 metres, or 

  • c) 185.8 metres What did you say?

  • I said c) 185.8 metres.

  • Oh dear, I'm afraid that's far too high! The  correct answer is 115.8 metres. Never mind.  

  • The tree, named Hyperion, is a type of  redwood and was found in California in 2006.

  • Well, that's still very talland would be great to see.

  • Now we've just got time to recap some  of the vocabulary we've discussed,  

  • starting with tonic which can be a fizzy drink  you mix with an alcoholic drink, but in the  

  • context of therapy it can mean something  that makes you feel happier and healthier.

  • Horticulture is the study or activity of growing  garden plantsin other words, gardening.

  • A panacea is something  believed to solve everything.

  • If something is therapeutic, it  makes you feel better or healthier.

  • We also discussed biophiliawhich is a passion for or  

  • empathy with the natural world and living things.

  • And innate means a quality that you  naturally haveyou're born with it.

  • Well, as you know I have an innate quality  for presenting this programmebut now it's  

  • time to go. Please join us next time, and don't  forget to check us out on your favourite social  

  • media platform, on our app and of course  the website bbclearningenglish.com. Goodbye

  • Bye!

  • Hello. This is 6 Minute English and I'm Rob.  

  • This is the programme where in just six  minutes we discuss an interesting topic  

  • and teach some related English vocabularyWell, joining me to do this is Sam.

  • Hello! So what's our interesting topic today, Rob?

  • Something close to our hearts, Samit's travel.

  • Great!

  • But more and more of us are travelling to explore  the worldmany of us have more leisure time,  

  • and the cost of travelling  has become relatively cheaper.

  • But here lies the problemthe places  we're visiting are becoming more crowded,  

  • sometimes spoiling the atmosphere and the beauty  – the things we came to see in the first place!

  • This is why we're going to be discussing  

  • how some cities around the world are putting  restrictions on the tourists who visit.  

  • But that's after I challenge you to  answer this question, Sam! Are you ready?

  • Bring it on, Rob!

  • According to Mastercard's Global Destination  Cities Index, what was the most visited city  

  • in 2018? Was it… a) London 

  • b) New York, or c) Bangkok?

  • All great places to visitbut I think  I'll stay close to home and say a) London.

  • OK. Well, as always I will reveal  the answer later in the programme

  • Now, let's start our journey  in Italy's capital city,  

  • Rome. Famous for its ColosseumTrevi Fountain and many other things.

  • Lots of people are visiting, Roband locals  and tourists have differing attitudes towards  

  • the way they respect these beautiful and  historic sites. Respect here is a verb,  

  • to mean treat something with care.

  • Well, the authorities in the city fear that  some tourists are showing disrespect to the city  

  • and have introduced laws to clampdown on certain  behaviour. Clampdown means officially trying to  

  • stop or limit people doing something. Sabina  Castelfranco is a journalist in the city.  

  • She told BBC Radio 4's You and Yours programme  why new restrictions have been introduced

  • The new rules are really to make sure that  tourists do not misbehave when they are  

  • visiting tourist attractions in Rome. Romans  don't like to see tourists walking around  

  • bare-chested, they don't like to see them  wading in their fountains - so really the  

  • objective is to improve the life of the city  for residents and for tourists themselves.

  • So, the new rules are to stop tourists misbehaving  – that's doing bad or inappropriate things.  

  • I'm sure not all visitors misbehave  – but those who have been,  

  • have been wadingthat's walking through  waterin the famous fountains and men  

  • have not been covering up the top half  of their bodiesso, going bare-chested.

  • Not any more, Sam! These new laws have banned  this with the objective of improving the life  

  • for the people of Romethe Romans. An  objective is a plan or aim to achieve something.

  • Other laws introduced in Rome, with the objective  of improving the city, include giving out severe  

  • fines to people who drop litter and to those who  attach 'love padlocks' to historic monuments.

  • Well, I guess if it makes the city  a nicer place to visit for everyone,  

  • then it's a good idea. Well, let's talk  about another historic old cityBruges  

  • in Belgium. The old and narrow streets  are often packed with sightseersso  

  • restrictions have been introduced thereHelen Coffey, deputy travel editor for the  

  • Independent newspaper, also spoke to the You and  Yours programme, to explain what is going on

  • Bruges was the latest city to say we're going  to introduce new regulations to crack down on  

  • what they called the Disneyfication of their  city. A really key one is they're going to  

  • cap the number of cruises that can dock, and  actually this a big one that lots of cities do.  

  • They basically don't like cruise visitors  because cruise visitors don't spend money.

  • So Helen mentioned a crackdownwhich like  clampdownmeans taking action to restrict  

  • or stop certain activities. And Bruges wants to  crack down on the Disneyfication of the city.

  • This term describes turning something into an  artificial, not real, commercial environment,  

  • similar to a Walt Disney theme park. I'm not  sure it's that similar yet, but one way to  

  • maintain the authentic feel of the city is  to cap the number of cruises that can dock.

  • Cap means restrict or limit. It's felt  that visitors who come by cruise ship,  

  • don't stay overnight and therefore  don't bring much money into the city.  

  • The message from the city authorities  is 'stay overnight or don't come!'

  • Well, one city that has people visiting for the  day or staying longer is the most visited city  

  • in the worldbut where is that, Sam? Earlierasked you what the most visited city in 2018 was?  

  • Was it… a) London 

  • b) New York, or c) Bangkok?

  • And I said London.

  • That was in second place. The most visited  city last year was Bangkok, in Thailand.

  • OK, Rob. Well, maybe what I can get  right is a recap of today's vocabulary.  

  • Starting with respect. If you respect  something you treat it with care.

  • We also discussed clampdown, which  means officially trying to stop or  

  • limit people doing somethingCrackdown is a similar phrase.

  • To misbehave is to do  something bad or inappropriate.  

  • And an objective is a plan  or aim to achieve something.

  • Our next word is Disneyfication - a term that  describes turning something into an artificial,  

  • not real, commercial environmentsimilar to a Walt Disney theme park.

  • And finally we had cap –  which means restrict or limit.

  • Well, we've had to cap this programme atminutesand we're out of time. Goodbye!

  • Bye bye!

Hello, and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil.

字幕與單字

單字即點即查 點擊單字可以查詢單字解釋

B1 中級

6 Minute English - Environmental English Mega Class! One Hour of New Vocabulary!

  • 17 0
    林宜悉 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 12 日
影片單字