Name: 水如何讓這座城鎮滴水不漏？| WSJ Pro (How Water Makes This Town Flood-Proof | WSJ Pro Perfected)
Uploaded: 2025-11-13T16:30:34.000Z
Duration: 7 min 16 s

情態副詞

Of the 15 most damaging hurricanes in U.S. history, only two were Category 5.

美國歷史上破壞力最大的 15 場颶風中，只有兩場是 Category 5。

基礎被動語態

Hurricane categories are based on wind speeds and only wind speeds.

颶風等級是根據風速，而且只看風速。

But what often creates the most damage is water.

但造成最多破壞的，往往是水。

Given all of the new codes, most homes can really survive Category five winds.

考量到所有新的建築規範，大多數房子其實都能抵擋 Category five winds。

However, they can also float away fully intact.

Yet this one town, Babcock Ranch, has been hit by four hurricanes and basically came out unscathed.

但這個名叫 Babcock Ranch 的小鎮，經歷了四場颶風，基本上都毫髮無傷。

So we asked the engineer who helped build this town to break down its hidden designs.

所以我們問了協助建造這個小鎮的工程師，請他解析其中的隱藏設計。

Here's Babcock Ranch from above, with Fort Myers and Cape Coral nearby.

從上方看 Babcock Ranch，旁邊是 Fort Myers 和 Cape Coral。

For a lot of the surrounding areas, everything is developed very grid light, which is traditional because it utilizes the land the best.

對於周遭的許多區域，開發都採取非常網格狀的規劃，這是傳統做法，因為這樣最能有效利用土地。

But this type of development doesn't always consider how nearby wetlands expand and absorb excess floodwater.

但這種開發方式，並沒有考慮到鄰近濕地如何擴張和吸收過量的洪水。

You do have a waterway that flows right through here.

這裡確實有一條水道貫穿其中。

These areas that used to act as a sponge are kind of all taken up by development, and

這些過去能像海綿一樣吸收水分的區域，現在幾乎都被開發佔滿了，

so these areas are very prone to flooding.

Babcock Ranch 則採取了不同的做法。

These photos show part of the ranch before and after it was developed.

這些照片顯示了牧場在開發前後的部分樣貌。

you can see how the ranch was built around them, leaving some areas where they'll flood and connect untouched.

你可以看到牧場是如何圍繞著它們建造，保留了一些會淹水並與之連接的區域，未受幹擾。

It was very important to us to utilize the existing water systems, but

對我們來說，利用現有的水系非常重要，

it didn't just leave these systems intact.

但它不只是讓這些水系保持原樣。

Babcock Ranch also mimicked them to do this.

Babcock Ranch 也模仿了它們來做到這一點。

They turned the ponds and lakes into a network of bowls.

他們把池塘和湖泊變成了一個碗狀的網絡。

So the way the entire system is designed is each of these lakes acts like a very bottom of a bowl, and

所以整個系統的設計方式是，每一個湖泊都像一個碗的底部，

the rest of the system is built up around the edges of the bowl, and

而系統的其他部分則建在碗的邊緣周圍，

it sits a little bit higher, so you have the houses at the highest point.

並且位置稍微高一些，所以房子就建在最高點。

Point in the houses, the water falls off of it and it goes down into the bowl.

房子那邊的水會流下來，然後流入碗裡。

Each bowl is connected through a series of pipes underground.

每個碗都通過一系列地下管道連接。

That way, if one lake fills up, it won't spill over.

這樣一來，如果一個湖泊滿了，就不會溢出來。

It'll just drain to a different bowl with more capacity then if there's a blockage.

它只會排到另一個容量更大的碗裡，如果有的話，還會有阻塞。

All these extra pipes help ensure the water keeps flowing.

所有這些額外的管道都有助於確保水持續流動。

And Babcock's system lets them control the water levels, allowing them to drain the bowls before hurricanes.

而且 Babcock 的系統讓他們能夠控制水位，在颶風來臨前排空碗。

To accommodate the extra water, which is eventually discharged down to the river.

以容納額外的水，這些水最終會排入河流。

There is a ditch that runs right through the middle of the property and all the way out to the river here.

這裡有一條溝渠貫穿整個房產，一直延伸到這裡的河流。

Traditional design would say to move the water through that ditch as fast as possible.

傳統的設計會說要盡快將水排入溝渠。

What we've done at Babcock is we've allowed that water to come out to the fringes of the development and fill in this entire Area.

我們在 Babcock 所做的，是讓這些水流到開發區的邊緣，並填滿整個區域。

Slowing the water down lets the wetlands absorb some of the water, preventing an onslaught of stormwater from inundating the river and surrounding areas.

減緩水流可以讓濕地吸收部分水分，防止暴雨氾濫河流和周邊地區。

The next key to managing hurricane flooding is elevation.

管理颶風洪水下一個關鍵是海拔。

Babcock Ranch's natural elevation ranged from 12 to 38ft.

Babcock Ranch 的自然海拔從 12 到 38 英尺不等。

So generally anything that falls within the development footprint overall was elevated.

所以一般來說，開發區內的所有區域都被抬高了。

But certain areas of the town were elevated higher than others, directing water towards specific collection points.

但鎮上的某些區域比其他區域抬高得更高，將水引向特定的收集點。

The smaller roads were elevated by about 3 1/2ft.

The larger roads were elevated by approximately 4 1/2ft, and

then any of the homes were elevated by about 5ft.

Now the majority of the community is at or above 30ft.

現在社區大部分區域都在海拔 30 英尺或以上。

In a hundred year storm event, the ranch would face about 14 inches of rainfall and the water levels would rise by about 4ft.

在百年一次的暴雨事件中，牧場將面臨約 14 英寸的降雨，水位將上漲約 4 英尺。

And all of the homes on Babcock would be one foot above the water level, its grocery store and some offices two feet above it.

Babcock Ranch 的所有房屋將比水位高出一英尺，雜貨店和一些辦公室則高出兩英尺。

So if things were to be catastrophic, we want to be able to bounce back, back as quick as possible.

所以如果情況變得災難性，我們希望能夠盡快恢復。

So being able to go get your groceries, being able to go to work, those types of things need to be the first accessible places.

所以能夠去買雜貨、能夠去上班，這些地方需要是第一個能到達的地方。

But while all the buildings would be safe, the roads would be completely flooded.

但雖然所有建築物都會安全，道路卻會完全被淹沒。

By design, at a certain point they're going to go underwater because they were what was built the lowest.

這些道路的設計就是，在某個時刻會淹沒在水面下，因為它們是建得最低的。

We can intentionally use those roads to help direct the flow, to allow the water to connect between the lake and the roads, away from the homes and the structures.

我們可以故意利用這些道路來引導水流，讓水在湖泊和道路之間流動，遠離房屋和建築物。

But much of the ranch's success also lies in its location.

但這個牧場的成功，很大一部分也取決於它的地理位置。

It's about 20 miles inland from Florida's west coast.

它離佛羅裡達西海岸大約 20 英里。

And that distance alone is enough to mostly protect it from the deadliest force in a hurricane.

光是這個距離，就足以讓它避開颶風中最致命的威脅。

As hurricanes move inland, they push a huge volume of water ashore at high speeds and with immense force.

當颶風往內陸移動時，它們會以高速和巨大的力量將大量的水推向岸邊。

It's going to pull the water from the gulf and push it all the way inland this way.

它會把海灣的水往內陸這邊推。

Hurricane Helene kind of took the path here and made landfall around the Keaton Beach Shinohachi area where 80% of the buildings were completely destroyed from storm surge, being 12 to 16ft overall.

颶風 Helene 大約是沿著這條路徑，在 Keaton Beach Shinohachi 附近登陸，那裡的 80% 的建築物因風暴潮而完全摧毀，整體高度達 12 到 16 英尺。

But as a storm moves inland, so a nine foot storm surge on the beach, for example, would get up to the rafters in the house.

但風暴往內陸移動時，例如海灘上九英尺的風暴潮，會淹到房子的屋頂椽子。

What you'll see is a 9 foot storm surge here is only a 3 foot storm surge here.

你會看到這裡 9 英尺的風暴潮，這裡只有 3 英尺的風暴潮。

Florida's coastline is lined with mangroves that act as a natural buffer, slowing down the storm surge and trapping debris.

佛羅裡達州的海岸線種滿了紅樹林，它們能充當天然屏障，減緩風暴潮並攔截雜物。

Anything that's creating friction for that water is going to also help slow that water down.

任何會造成水流摩擦的東西，都能幫助減緩水流的速度。

But far away from the dangers of the coast, rainfall still poses a significant threat.

但遠離海岸的危險，降雨仍然構成重大威脅。

About 25% of hurricane deaths in the US occurred in inland counties.

美國約有 25% 的颶風死亡事件發生在內陸縣。

As we've seen more and more storms that are exceeding hundred year events across the United States, it appears more and more likely that designing to a hundred year storm event is not going to be enough to keep a home from flooding over the course of its built Life.

我們看到美國各地超過百年一遇的風暴越來越多，設計成百年一遇的風暴標準，似乎不足以在房屋的整個使用壽命內防止其淹水。

There's a 1% chance every year that a 100 year storm event will happen.

每年都有 1% 的機率會發生百年一遇的風暴事件。

And since Amy started working on this project, we've seen three 100 year storm events.

自從 Amy 開始進行這個專案以來，我們已經遇到了三次百年一遇的風暴事件。

Hurricanes have cumulatively caused over 7,000 deaths and cost $1.5 trillion in damages since 1980.

自 1980 年以來，颶風累積造成超過 7,000 人死亡，損失 1.5 兆美元。

And Florida is one of the most vulnerable places in the country.

而佛羅裡達州是全國最脆弱的地區之一。

So while the current laws mandate many homes be built to withstand a hundred year event, some developers are building beyond the requirement.

所以雖然現行的法規要求許多房屋必須能承受百年一遇的風暴，但有些開發商的建造標準超越了規定。

Just look at Hunter's Point, a new coastal development.

看看這個新的沿海開發案 Hunter's Point。

It was required to build at an elevation of 10ft above the flood zone, but

它原本規定要蓋在海平面以上 10 英尺，但

So during Hurricane Helene, the streets flooded, but the homes remained dry.

所以即使在颶風 Helene 期間，街道淹水了，但房屋卻保持乾燥。

Each one that sold has gone for upwards of a million dollars.

每間賣出的房屋都超過百萬美元。

There is a larger push from people who have experienced flooding situations to purchase those types of homes.

越來越多人經歷過淹水狀況，他們更傾向購買這類型的房屋。

I think ultimately we can prevent the amount of destruction that we've been seeing with hurricanes.

我認為最終我們能夠減少颶風造成的破壞。

People are going to want to move to Florida no matter what.

不管怎樣，大家都會想搬到佛羅裡達州。

We're prepared to be more resilient and move on quicker.

我們已經準備好要更有韌性，並且更快地恢復。

And that's a big part of making sure that we're developing responsibly.

這也是確保我們負責任地開發的關鍵。

If we are going to develop an area is subject to such extreme events.

如果我們要開發一個容易受到極端事件影響的區域。