Name: 特朗普的關稅：為什麼轉向美國製造不僅僅是成本問題 | WSJ (Trump's Tariffs: Why Switching to U.S.-Made Isn't Just a Cost Problem | WSJ)
Uploaded: 2025-05-26T03:14:12.000Z
Duration: 6 min 5 s

This is LaPuz, their small puzzle company based in Brooklyn, New York.

這就是 LaPuz，他們位於紐約布魯克林的小型拼圖公司。

And like a lot of small businesses in the toy and game industry, their puzzles are made in China.

與玩具和遊戲行業的許多小企業一樣，他們的拼圖也是在中國製造的。

過去簡單式

So when they got a shipment delivered in March, they were hit with a tariff.

是以，當他們在三月份收到一批貨物時，就被徵收了關稅。

So we got our first bill for 20% on that manufacturing cost.

是以，我們收到了第一份賬單，要求支付製造成本的 20%。

President Trump's tariffs are, in part, designed to make companies like LaPuz make their products in the U.S.

特朗普總統徵收關稅的部分目的是讓拉普茲這樣的公司在美國生產產品。

If you have your company here, if you build your product, make your product, make your car or whatever it is you're making, no tariffs.

如果你在這裡有自己的公司，如果你製造你的產品，生產你的產品，製造你的汽車或任何你正在製造的東西，就沒有關稅。

But as they are learning, moving manufacturing completely to the U.S. is not always possible.

但是，正如他們所瞭解到的，將生產完全轉移到美國並不總是可行的。

Even if we could make our exact same product for maybe just a little bit more here, I think we would probably do that.

即使我們能在這裡生產出完全相同的產品，但價格可能只高出一點點，我想我們可能會這麼做。

But as it stands, it seems like we can't make our exact product here.

但從目前的情況來看，我們似乎無法在這裡生產出我們想要的產品。

Let's look at what it actually takes to make a puzzle.

讓我們來看看製作拼圖到底需要什麼。

So there's the ink, the paper, the cardboard, the machines, the glue, the plastic packaging.

於是就有了油墨、紙張、紙板、機器、膠水和塑料包裝。

Here's all the industries needed to even make the cardboard in the first place.

這裡有製作紙板所需的所有行業。

And the industries needed to make the ink.

And those industries also need these industries.

This is really what a supply chain looks like.

The term supply chain, I almost wish we would move away from it because it really oversimplifies things.

我幾乎希望我們能摒棄供應鏈這個詞，因為它實在是把事情過於簡單化了。

And really it's an entire ecosystem that exists.

實際上，這是一個完整的生態系統。

And it's not easy or even possible to move every component to the U.S. because the system is so global.

要把每個部件都轉移到美國並不容易，甚至不可能，因為這個系統是如此全球化。

Most puzzles made in the U.S. actually use specialized cardboard from Europe, and nearly all the dies, the shape that cuts the pieces, are made in Europe or China.

美國製造的大多數拼圖實際上使用的都是來自歐洲的專用紙板，幾乎所有的模具（即切割拼圖的形狀）都是在歐洲或中國製造的。

Sure they could be made in the U.S., but would it be economically feasible?

當然可以在美國製造，但經濟上可行嗎？

In many instances where there's already competitors overseas that are very experienced in making types of goods, setting up production in the United States, especially for something that's highly specialized in volume, is going to be very small.

在許多情況下，如果海外的競爭對手在製造商品方面已經非常有經驗，那麼在美國建立生產基地，尤其是生產高度專業化的商品，規模就會非常小。

And certainly because of the knowledge that that overseas supplier has, the initial quality coming from the U.S. is not going to match that overseas supplier.

當然，由於海外供應商所掌握的知識，來自美國的初始品質肯定無法與海外供應商相提並論。

That quality gap is because of the learning curve.

品質差距的原因在於學習曲線。

This is the classic one, how long it took to build a B-17 plane during World War II.

這是一個經典問題，即在第二次世界大戰期間，製造一架 B-17 飛機需要多長時間。

When they started, it took more than 140,000 labor hours to make one plane.

剛開始時，製造一架飛機需要超過 14 萬個工時。

一年下來，只用了三分之一的時間。

As you start producing more and more of a product, you become much more efficient.

當你開始生產越來越多的產品時，你就會變得更加高效。

For many categories of goods where sourcing has shifted predominantly to China, Chinese manufacturers have been producing tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even millions of units.

在採購主要轉向中國的許多商品類別中，中國製造商已經生產了數萬、數十萬甚至數百萬件產品。

And that means that they are highly specialized in making these goods.

這意味著，他們在製造這些產品方面具有很強的專業性。

In the U.S., volumes are much smaller, and so it's a more standardized product.

在美國，產量要小得多，是以產品更加標準化。

For example, the reason iPhones are made in China isn't because of labor costs.

例如，iPhone 在中國製造的原因並不是勞動力成本。

As La Paz has also found out, their puzzle isn't standard.

拉巴斯也發現，他們的難題並不標準。

This is everyone's least favorite corner piece.

Their hand-drawn, custom-cut pieces come in a resealable bag with a double-sided poster.

他們的手繪定製切割作品裝在一個可重新密封的袋子裡，裡面還有一張雙面海報。

They are unusually thick pieces and have colorful backs.

它們異常厚實，背面色彩斑斕。

And the box is even printed on the inside.

A lot of times people will use the box lid and bottom as sorting trays, so we wanted to make those kind of special.

很多時候，人們會把盒蓋和盒底用作分類托盤，所以我們想把它們做得特別一些。

As they've looked for a U.S. manufacturer, they haven't been able to find one to say yes to all this customization.

在尋找美國製造商的過程中，他們一直沒有找到一家願意接受所有這些定製的製造商。

And all of that isn't necessary to a good puzzle, but it's kind of necessary to our good puzzle.

所有這些對於一個好謎題來說都不是必需的，但對於我們的好謎題來說卻是必需的。

Plus, because of this supply chain — I mean, ecosystem — they would have to invest in new dyes from Europe that would also be tariffed.

此外，由於這個供應鏈--我是說生態系統--他們必須投資從歐洲購買新染料，而這些染料也將被徵收關稅。

To think that we were going to have to make upwards of a $35,000 investment in just the dye lines, we were like, wow, that's a lot of risk for us to take on, not even knowing if these tariffs are going to stay in place.

想到我們僅在染色線上就要投資 3.5 萬美元，我們就想，哇，這對我們來說風險太大了，我們甚至不知道這些關稅是否會繼續存在。

Not to mention how long they're going to take to make.

更不用說製作它們需要多長時間了。

I almost feel like we didn't even have an option.

我幾乎覺得我們連選擇的餘地都沒有。

We have to move forward with our current manufacturer.

我們必須與目前的製造商一起向前邁進。

What staying with China will cost is unclear.

繼續與中國合作的代價尚不清楚。

We kind of just hold our breath and see what the tariff is the day it lands.

我們只是屏住呼吸，看看它著陸那天的關稅是多少。

If that means we have to raise our price, then we're going to have to raise our price.

如果這意味著我們必須提價，那我們就必須提價。

That wouldn't just affect their small business, but many of the other small businesses they

這不僅會影響他們的小企業，還會影響他們的許多其他小企業。

The making of a puzzle is more than just manufacturing.

It involves a lot of people — stylists, designers, LaPuz employees renting out the studio space web design.

這涉及到很多人--造型師、設計師、租用工作室空間進行網頁設計的 LaPuz 員工。

And then there's the employees at the warehouse — marketing, shipping, and then all the retail stores.

然後是倉庫的員工--市場營銷、運輸，然後是所有的零售店。

The bulk of our business is mom and pop, like shops, game stores.

我們的大部分業務都是母嬰店，比如商店、遊戲商店。

What's important to understand is production in the United States in this industry is generally minimal.

需要了解的是，美國在這一行業的生產量通常很小。

There are about 5,600 individuals employed across all the doll, toy, and game plants in the United States.

美國所有玩偶、玩具和遊戲工廠共僱用了約 5,600 名員工。

In comparison, just at specialized retailers that sell hobbies, games, and toys, there's about 128,000 individuals employed in those stores.

相比之下，僅在銷售業餘愛好、遊戲和玩具的專業零售商中，就有約 128,000 人在這些商店工作。

This is who will face the effects of the tariffs, besides the U.S. manufacturers, who now have added costs.

這就是關稅的影響，除了現在成本增加的美國製造商之外，還有誰將面臨關稅的影響。

And so what's important to understand is when you make these products much more expensive, you are expecting declining consumer demand, and that ends up costing far more jobs in the retail and wholesale sector than you would ever gain back in manufacturing.

是以，重要的是要明白，當你讓這些產品變得更加昂貴時，你就會預期消費者需求會下降，最終導致零售和批發部門失去的就業機會遠遠多於你在製造業獲得的就業機會。

The economic puzzle of where to manufacture has many pieces.

在哪裡生產是一個經濟難題，它涉及許多方面。

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特朗普的關稅：為什麼轉向美國製造不僅僅是成本問題 | WSJ (Trump's Tariffs: Why Switching to U.S.-Made Isn't Just a Cost Problem | WSJ)

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