I hate to exaggerate that, and I don't want it to sound sensational, but I think it's true.

我不願意誇大這個事實 不想讓它聽起來譁眾取寵 但是我想這是真的

I think our species, the species of human beings is coming to a place where we are deciding about ourselves.

我想我們這個物種 人類 到了決定我們命運的時刻

We are making a huge decision about "Who are we?" and "Who do we really choose to be?"

我們正在做出重大的決定：我們是誰? 我們真正選擇成為誰?

"Who are we?" and "Who do we really choose to be?"

我們是誰？ 我們真正選擇成為誰?

"Who are we?" and "Who do we really choose to be?"

我們是誰？ 我們真正選擇成為誰？

We imagine that the issue is a political issue.

我們把這問題想成是一個政治問題

Then we say, "Ah, well it must be a financial problem."

然後我們說 啊 那這一定是個經濟問題

The problem is not political and it's not financial. And it's also, by the way, not military, ...obviously.

這既不是政治問題 也不是經濟問題 順便說一下 很顯然 也不是軍事問題

Circumstances don't determine who you are, they reveal who you are.

境遇並不會決定你是誰 它只會揭示你是誰

And the world that we live in now, the circumstances are changing so rapidly, that we're being revealed.

我們正在生活的世界 變化如此迅速 使得我們自身被揭示出來

There's no such thing as a problem. A problem is essentially a transition.

所謂問題並不存在 問題實質上是一個過渡

So, I see the crises of today as a transition point for humanity.

所以 我把今天的危機看作是人類的一個過渡點

Look down on the human drama, and discern through your critical faculties what's going on, without judging it,

俯看人類的戲劇 不加評判地 客觀辯證地去瞭解正在發生的一切

just discern, 'What is this human drama about right now, and what role can I best play in it?'

只是鑒別 現在人類的事件是什麼 我在其中能夠最好的扮演哪個角色？

The latest global risks report, published by the World Economic Forum,

十字路口 —— 一個新世界觀誕生的陣痛

presents an astonishing "Risks Interconnection Map."

"我們現在面臨的巨大問題無法用產生這些問題的思維層次去解決它" — 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦

It clearly reveals how all global risks are inter-related and interwoven,

相互依存

so that economic, environmental, geopolitical, social, and technological risks are hugely interdependent.

商業戰略家 永續發展研究專家

A crisis in one area will quickly lead to a crisis in other areas.

世界經濟論壇發表的關於全球危機的最新報導

The interconnection and complexity in this map, compared to our surprise at the impact and speed of the recent financial crises,

展示出一幅令人震驚的"風險聯繫圖"

illustrates the discord that exists between all systems we built, and shows just how disconnected we've become.

它清晰地揭示了全球範圍內的風險是如何相互聯繫 彼此交織的

Our attempts at managing these systems are fragmented and simplistic, and not up to the challenges that we face today.

所以 經濟 環境 地緣政治 社會和技術的風險在很大程度上是相互依存的

The way we use natural resources is based on our economic system,

在某一個領域的危機會很快引發其他領域的危機

which is closely related to our social values,

這幅圖的相互交織和複雜性

which directly affect our psychological and emotional systems, and all our actions.

與我們對於最近金融危機的影響和速度感到的驚詫相比較

What we see in the world is a reflection of who we are.

說明了我們所建立的各個系統之間存在的不和諧

You cannot separate what's happening in the world, and what's happening within people.

展示了我們已經變得多麼的彼此脫節

So we're not just in crisis in politics, or in economics.

我們對於管理這個系統的嘗試是片面和簡單化的

Human beings are now in crisis with themselves.

無法面對我們今天所面臨的挑戰

When I studied biocybernetics, it was a wonder to see that the more we delve into nature—the animal kingdom, plant life ecosystems,

我們對於自然資源的利用是基於我們的經濟系統

we see that everything is interconnected through reciprocal actions, some of which we understand, some of which we still don't.

自然 經濟

But now, human society is also becoming so integrated that it's like a single, closed system that encompasses the entire globe.

這個系統和我們的社會價值觀緊密相連

The crisis we are facing now is actually very unique.

社會

We are all closed together in the same system, and we can no longer do whatever we want in it.

這些價值觀直接影響我們的心理 情感系統 和我們所有的行為

World leaders, presidents, have lost the ability to manage the people.

心理

It's as though the world began to move without any reins,

社會人類學家 精神治療師

but rather according to a new law—of interdependence, of connection—the law that is characteristic of integral systems.

我們在這個世界看到的 只是我們自身的投影

And here we see that world leaders, first of all can't even make decisions, whether it's G8 or G20,

你不能把世界上發生的一切 和人們內心所發生的割裂開來

and even if they arrive at something, they can't realize it.

所以我們不單單是處在政治或者經濟的危機中

In science, we started as Newtonian physicists, and we started pretending like we are machines, and that was the worldview for some time.

人類正陷入自身的危機中

That changed with biologists coming along. Biology gives a different view of the human being altogether.

生物控制 本體論學家

Biology says that we are machines, but we are machines with competition, with survival in mind, and we fight for our survival, we compete.

在我研究生物控制的時候 非常奇妙的是看到 我們越融入自然

So our higher values are important only if they're important for survival. Outside of survival, there is no other impetus for the human being.

—— 動物王國 植物生命 生態系統

And because of this idea, we have become, as you know, extremely competitive in our society. If somebody else has something, I must get it.

我們越發現所有的一切都由他們之間的互惠性的行為彼此聯繫著

If somebody else doesn't have it yet, I must get it before he or she gets it. This idea is causing havoc in our society.

我們瞭解其中一些 而另一些依然未知

Much of our progress in human civilization has been driven by egoistic competition. People try to outdo each other, and that creates better science, better technology, etc.

但是現在 人類社會也已經交融到如此程度

However, now we're at a point where this ego drive has become so extreme that it will stop at nothing in order to be more, or have more, than others.

就像容納全球的一個完整的封閉系統

And so companies are destroying the ecosystem, bankers are creating economic crisis, people are building themselves on the ruin of others.

事實上我們目前所面對的危機是非常獨特的

Our food supplies are increasingly at risk. Water resources are increasingly being strained, and our financial systems continue to be highly volatile and risky.

我們都被封閉在同一個系統中 而我們不能夠再想做什麼就做什麼

At the same time, we're also discovering how all our systems are connected and interdependent. Clearly, business-as-usual is a dead end.

世界的領導 總統們 已經喪失了管理人民的能力

In the previous days and times, we've been involved, not exclusively but largely, in the process of individual survival:

突尼斯 一月

how do I get through the day, how do I get through the week, how do I get through the month.

埃及 二月

In the 21st century, we're learning now that we can no longer concentrate on individual survival strategies;

埃及 二月

that unless we begin to coalesce those strategies and learn how we can survive collectively, that no individual is going to survive in the long run.

西班牙 三月

Again, I don't want to be an alarmist, but I realize that we are facing a very critical time now.

英國 三月

The separation theology that humanity has established through the years has created a separation cosmology,

希臘 五月

that is a cosmological way of looking at things that says 'everything is severed from everything else.'

智利 六月

And the separation cosmology has produced a separation sociology, that is a way of socializing with each other that says

以色列 七月

'I'm over here, and you're over there, and our interests will not meet, unless they do.

印度 八月

If they do we'll try to cooperate, but if our interests do not meet, if we have separate interests,

美國 九月

I may just have to harm you, I may in fact just have to kill you.'

看起來整個世界開始像脫韁的野馬一樣失去了控制

There's an old story of a grandfather who's speaking to his grandson in the lodge.

但這其實是根據一個新的法則 —— 彼此依存相互聯繫的法則

The grandson comes in and says, 'I had a dream last night, and in the dream there were two wolves inside fighting,

一個一體化系統的典型特徵

and one was a black wolf, and one was a white wolf, and the black wolf scared me, Grandfather, and the white wolf made me feel hopeful.

在這裡 我們看到世界的領袖們 首先都無法做出決策

Which one will survive?' And the grandfather said, 'The one you feed the most.'

不管是在G8還是在G20國峰會

And so, to me that is the nature of humanity, the nature of humans, is we have both.

然後即使他們達成某種共識 他們也無法實現它

Which one we're going to feed the most is the one we're going to see in the world.

"自我"進化

The Asch experiment is one of psychology's oldest and most popular pieces of research.

在科學領域 我們開始於把自己當做是牛頓主義的物理學家

A volunteer is told that he's taking part in a visual perception test.

我們把自己當成是機器 而這種世界觀持續了很久

What he doesn't know is that the other participants are actors and he's the only person taking part in the real test, which is actually about group conformity.

量子理論物理學家

Please begin. The experiment you will be taking part in today involves the perception of line length.

生物學家的到來改變了這種觀念 生物學讓我們對人類有了一個不同的認識

The task will be simply to look at the line here on the left and indicate which of the three lines on the right is equal to it in length.

生物學說 我們是機器 但我們是擁有競爭機制的機器

The actors have been told to match the wrong lines.

伴隨著求生的慾望 為了生存 我們相互競爭

The volunteer will be monitored to see if he gives the correct answer or if he goes along with the opinion of the group and gives the wrong answer.

所以我們更高層次的價值觀 只有在對我們的生存很關鍵時才是重要的

In the first test, the correct answer is two.

在生存之外 沒有任何可以驅使人類前進的東西

'Uh, one'....'one'.... 'one'. .......the volunteer answers, 'It's two'...... 'one'

由於這種理念 你也知道 我們在自己的社會中變得非常有競爭性

Once again, the correct answer is two.

如果別人有什麼 那我就必須也有什麼

'Three.....'three'.....three.... the volunteer answers 'three'.....'three'

如果別人還沒有 那我得搶在他或她之前得到它

The Asch conformity experiment has been repeated many times. It's been suggested that first, the distortion happens at the level of action.

這種想法正在導致我們社會的巨大混亂

The subject believes the others are wrong, yet goes along with them anyway. Then it happens at the level of judgment.

我們人類文明中的進化 在很大程度上是由自我服務性質的競爭所驅動的

The subject begins to think, 'Maybe they're seeing something I'm not seeing.'

人們總試著超過其他人 而這也創造了更好的科學和技術等等

And then, it happens at the level of perception, which means that the subject's actual perception of what's right or wrong is distorted by the majority.

然而 我們現在的自我服務的驅動 已經到達如此極端的地步

Now, when you link these conclusions to what's happening in the world today, you have to ask,

為了比別人更強 或擁有更多 可以無所不為

'In what way have we been using the influence of society, which is probably the most powerful force in human psychology?'

於是企業們破壞生態系統 銀行家們製造金融危機

Over 40 years ago, I was cloning stem cells and one of the first experiments just so blew my mind

人們把自己的成就 建立在他人被毀滅的廢墟之上

that it really changed the whole course of my education and my life.

我們的食物來源遇到越來越多危險 水資源正在逐漸枯竭

I put one stem cell in a culture dish all by itself and that stem cell divides every ten to twelve hours.

我們的金融系統 持續地大起大落 充滿風險

After about a week to ten days, I had thousands of cells in the petri dish, but what's most important is all the cells are genetically identical to each other.

同時 我們也開始發現 我們所有的系統是如何緊密聯繫和互相依存的

And then what I did—and this is the experiment-I separated the culture of genetically identical cells into three different petri dishes and I changed the environment.

全球崩潰：麻省理工學院研究者預言 我們所熟知的世界即將結束

But, the culture medium to cells is like the world that we live in: it's got the the air, the water, the food, all the things in it.

很清楚 一成不變是死路一條

So I had three different environments, yet genetically identical cells in each dish.

在此前的年代 雖然不是絕對 但是在很大程度上

The results revealed that in environment A, the cells formed muscle,

我們被個體生存的需求影響著

in environment B, the cells formed bone,

我如何度過今天 如何度過這個星期 如何度過這個月

and in environment C, the cells formed fat cells.

作家

What was so profoundly important about this is that if you ask the question—What is responsible for controlling the fate of the cells?

在21世紀 我們開始明白 我們現在不能夠再只是專注於個人的生存策略

—what the experiment clearly revealed was that all the cells were genetically identical.

除非我們開始整合這些策略 並學習怎樣作為一個集體生存

The only thing that was different from one dish to the other dish was the environment.

否則從長遠來講沒有哪個個體可以生存

So, while at the time I was teaching medical students the conventional story out of the textbook, the concept of genetic determinism that genes control our fate and our lives,

再強調一次 我不想危言聳聽

my experiments revealed a completely different story, and that was that environment the was primarily responsible and shaping the behavior and genetics.

但我意識到 我們現在正處在一個極關鍵的時期

There's new research out of Harvard Medical School about social contagion.

人類社會長時間所基於的分離理論 已經構成了一種分離的宇宙觀

I think it's kind of obvious and intuitive that you catch the moods of people around you,

這種宇宙觀在看待事物的時候說 "每個事物都是與其它事物相分離的"

but now they're finding that people get fat in groups, they get happy in groups, they quit smoking in groups.

分離的宇宙觀已經形成了分離的社會學 它讓人們在社會交往中說

Nicholas Christakis and I have been very fortunate to find a resource in the Framingham Heart Study that we never imagined we could find.

我在這 你在那 而我們的利益不同 除非它們相一致

They were asking people for thirty-two years, 'who are your family members? where do you work? where do you live?'

如果利益有共同之處 我們會嘗試合作 但是如果我們的利益不相關

And most importantly, 'who are your friends?' For the first time, now that we have data like this,

如果我們的利益完全分離 那我可能不得不傷害你 也許我還得殺了你

we are able to get a bird's eye view of networks like the networks that you live in.

黑狼 白狼

We had some validated measures of various emotions, including happiness, and what we attempted to show, and were able to show,

有個古老的故事 關於一位外祖父在一個小木屋中和自己孫子的對話

is that my happiness depends not just on my own actions, thoughts and behaviors, but also on the actions, thoughts and behaviors of the people to whom I'm directly connected-

有一天孩子進來說 "我昨天晚上做了個夢 夢到有兩隻狼相鬥

my friends, siblings, spouses, neighbors, coworkers and so forth, and the people to whom they are connected, and the people even to whom they are connected.

一隻是黑色的 一隻是白色的

What this finding is showing us is that it's not just behaviors that are spreading through networks,

那隻黑色的讓我害怕 爺爺 而那隻白色的讓我感到希望

it's also these emotional states that are spreading through networks.

你說哪隻會活下去呢" 這位祖父說 "你餵得最多的那隻"

So we think that what's spreading is this tendency to transmit ideas, these norms of behavior.

媒體人, 作家

You are, in fact, are a social organism. You are created by your environment. There is no 'you' and there is no 'me.'

所以 對我來說 這是人類的本性 人的本性 就是我們這兩者都有

Once you begin to think about how everything you do has been taught to you, one way or another—

我們餵的最多的那個 就會是我們在這個世界看到的

granted you're putting things together and you're making decisions—but your decisions are limited to the information that's been given to you and that you've learned.

1951年 Asch試驗

So I'm a walking amalgam of a 'social engineering' so to speak. If I see myself as separate from everything else, that I can say is incorrect.

Asch實驗是心理學這個領域最早 也是最有名的實驗之一

For example, everyone knows they have to breathe. Through time, people will begin to understand that their integrity is only as good as the integrity of everything else around them.

一個志願者得知他要參加一個視覺感知測試

So what is happening in science is really quite pathetic, and what is happening in the public at large is also equally pathetic,

他不知道的是 別的參與者都是演員 只有他自己才是真正參與這個試驗的人

because what is happening, is that by pretending to be something, we are becoming that something.

而真正的試驗 是關於群體的同化性

I began to feel that I was losing my identity, that the person I call Clay, the person who put me in this place, the person who volunteered to go into this prison—

請開始 你們今天參加的試驗是判斷線的長短

because it was a prison to me; it still is a prison to me—I don't look on it as an experiment or a simulation.

你們的任務只是根據左邊的線

It was a prison that was run by psychologists instead of run by the state.

判斷一下右邊三根中的哪根線和左邊那根長度相同

In 1971, today's well-known psychologist Philip Zimbardo decided to examine what would happen if you take perfectly normal and healthy young students

按照安排 演員們都選擇了錯誤的線

and create a prison-like environment within Stanford University, and tell them, "For the next two weeks, some of you will act as prisoners, and some of you will act as guards."

研究人員觀察被測試者 看看他是會給出正確的答案

One day into the experiment, a riot broke out. The guards began humiliating the prisoners. They used physical punishments.

還是在群體意見的影響下給出錯誤答案

Some became extremely sadistic. The prisoners began to have emotional breakdowns.

在第一個實驗中 正確答案是二

Some had to be removed from the study early, and after only six days, the experiment had to be completely shut down.

"哦 一...一...一" 志願者回答道 "是二...." "一"

I had really thought that I wasn't capable of this kind of behavior. I was surprised... no, I was dismayed.

再一次 正確的答案是二

to find out that I could really be a... that I could act in a manner so absolutely unaccustomed to anything that I would even really dream of doing.

"三...三...三...." 志願者回答道 "三..." "三"

And while I was doing it, I didn't feel any regret. I didn't feel any guilt.

Asch同化性實驗被重複了很多次

It was only afterwards, when I began to reflect on what I had done,

實驗顯示 扭曲首先發生在行動層面

that this behavior began to dawn on me and I realized that this was a part of me I hadn't really noticed before.

研究對象認為別人是錯的 但不管怎樣還是選擇跟著別人走

By pretending to be something, we are becoming that something.

隨後這種扭曲發生在了判斷層次

By pretending that we are mindless matter-we're just material and that's it-we are excluding the finer aspects of life,

被研究對象開始想 也許他們看到了我沒有看到的東西

we are excluding the finer aspects of our experience. And, this is very serious business.

再之後就發生在感知層面 就是說被研究對象關於對與錯的實際感覺

If you take Darwinian theory, which says that we're in a competition and we have to compare each other as to where we fit,

在大多數人的影響下發生了扭曲

and you mix that with a Newtonian vision from physics that the primacy of the universe is found in the physical structure.

現在 如果你把這些結論與現今世界所發生的一切聯繫起來 你不能不問

Then you put those two together and you say, 'How do you know where you fit in the Darwinian world?' And the answer is, 'How much material do you own?'

我們在怎樣利用社會的影響

And so, evolution of humanity since Newtonian times was to extract the material from the planet so that we could have possessions,

這種可能是對於人類心理而言 最有力的影響力量？

and that the possessions then were a reflection of where we stand in the hierarchy.

1967年 生物環境的影響 一個幹細胞試驗

If you were very low in the hierarchy of human life, you have nothing. If you're very high in the hierarchy of human life,

細胞生物學家

you have money and possessions and houses and toys and all these things. So then you say, 'Well, who suffers from all this?'

40年前在我做幹細胞複製實驗的時候 其中一個最早的實驗深深震動了我

Well, there's great suffering at every level, whether suffering in the physical planet, or in the human civilization, there's suffering all over.

以至於它其實改變了我學術歷程和生命的軌跡

In order for me as a human to prove my hierarchy, I have to extract the material from the planet. So what do I do?

我將一個幹細胞單獨放到一個細胞菌培養皿中