Name: TED】為什麼疫苗製造得太晚了？如果有的話，那就太晚了｜Seth Berkley｜TED Talks (【TED】Why Vaccines are Made Too Late... If They’re Made At All | Seth Berkley | TED Talks)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:46:30.000Z
Duration: 7 min 18 s
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then bleeding from the mouth, nose and gums.

Death follows in the form of organ failure from low blood pressure.

It's an extreme form of dengue fever, a mosquito-born disease

which also does not have an effective therapy or a vaccine,

That is actually twice the number of people

in the nearly four decades that we've known about it.

As for measles, so much in the news recently,

the death toll is actually tenfold higher.

it has been Ebola that has stolen all of the headlines and the fear.

Clearly, there is something deeply rooted about it,

something which scares us and fascinates us

but if you do, the risk of a horrible death is high.

Because right now, we don't have any effective therapy or vaccine available.

because it doesn't kill as many people as other diseases.

In fact, it's much less transmissible than viruses such as flu or measles.

We fear Ebola because of the fact that it kills us and we can't treat it.

We fear the certain inevitability that comes with Ebola.

Ebola has this inevitability that seems to defy modern medical science.

And in fact, we've actually had vaccine candidates available now

Why is that those vaccines are just going into clinical trials now?

This goes to the fundamental problem we have

with vaccine development for infectious diseases.

The people most at risk for these diseases

are also the ones least able to pay for vaccines.

This leaves little in the way of market incentives

unless there are large numbers of people who are at risk in wealthy countries.

As for Ebola, there is absolutely no market at all,

so the only reason we have two vaccines in late-stage clinical trials now,

is actually because of a somewhat misguided fear.

until September 11 and the anthrax attacks,

when all of a sudden, people perceived Ebola

Why is it that the Ebola vaccine wasn't fully developed at this point?

Well, partially, because it was really difficult --

or thought to be difficult -- to weaponize the virus,

but mainly because of the financial risk in developing it.

not based upon the risk the pathogen poses to people,

but on how economically risky it is to develop these vaccines.

Vaccine development is expensive and complicated.

It can cost hundreds of millions of dollars

to take even a well-known antigen and turn it into a viable vaccine.

there are things we can do to remove some of these barriers.

The first is to recognize when there's a complete market failure.

we have to provide incentives or some type of subsidy.

We also need to do a better job at being able to figure out

which are the diseases that most threaten us.

By creating capabilities within countries, we then create the ability

for those countries to create epidemiological and laboratory networks

which are capable of collecting and categorizing these pathogens.

to understand the geographic and genetic diversity,

which then can be used to help us understand

how these are being changed immunologically,

So these are the things that can be done,

but to do this, if we want to deal with a complete market failure,

we have to change the way we view and prevent infectious diseases.

We have to stop waiting until we see evidence

of a disease becoming a global threat before we consider it as one.

the paranoid fear of an infectious disease,

followed by a few cases transported to wealthy countries,

led the global community to come together,

and with the work of dedicated vaccine companies,

Two Ebola vaccines in efficacy trials in the Ebola countries --

and a pipeline of vaccines that are following behind.

Every year, we spend billions of dollars,

keeping a fleet of nuclear submarines permanently patrolling the oceans