Name: 在ICE成立之前，移民情況如何？ (What was immigration like before ICE?)
Uploaded: 2026-03-08T17:01:09.000Z
Duration: 16 min 36 s

So I noticed something interesting on the history page of ICE's website right here.

所以我注意到 ICE 網站上的歷史頁面有件有趣的事。

程度副詞

It says, Despite US immigration and custom Enforcement's relatively young age, its functional history predates the modern birth of the agency by more than 200 years.

上面寫著，儘管美國移民及海關執法局相對年輕，但它的功能性歷史比該機構的現代誕生早了兩百多年。

That phrase functional history stuck out to me, so I decided to do some digging.

「功能性歷史」這句話引起了我的注意，所以我決定深入挖掘一下。

They're arguing that there was a functional equivalent, right, to their agency.

他們主張，存在著一個功能性對等，對吧，跟他們的機構一樣。

Well, now we know that ICE was created by the Homeland security Act in 2003 to defend the United States and protect our citizens against the dangers of a new era.

嗯，現在我們知道 ICE 是在 2003 年透過國土安全法成立的，目的是保衛美國，保護我們的公民免受新時代的危險。

那麼，他們到底是什麼意思呢？

I reached out to ICE directly asking for their explanation of this functional history, but

我直接聯繫了 ICE，詢問他們對這段功能性歷史的解釋，但是

To me, that narrative is kind of an effort to make the agency itself seem like it has this deep lineage that it simply does not.

在我來看，這種敘事有點像是一種努力，想讓這個機構本身看起來有著悠久的歷史，但事實並非如此。

Following breaking news in Minneapolis, where city officials confirm a shooting occurred reportedly involving a federal ICE agent.

接著是明尼阿波利斯的突發新聞，市政府官員證實一起據稱涉及美國移民及海關執法局（ICE）探員的槍擊案。

It is the second shooting of an American citizen by federal officers in that city in just three weeks.

這是三週內，該市第二起由聯邦官員槍擊美國公民的事件。

The did you just do so I decided to do a bit of my own research.

We're going to take a look at three distinct eras in American history, showing how immigration policy slowly transformed from labor management to law enforcement, culminating in the creation of ice.

我們將看看美國歷史上三個截然不同的時期，展示移民政策如何從勞動力管理逐漸轉變為執法，最終催生了 ICE。

So on the same page of their site, ICE refers to the remarkable development of the country throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, including the essential role of immigration and the evolving laws and regulations.

在 ICE 網站的同一頁面上，他們提到了國家在 19 和 20 世紀的顯著發展，包括移民的關鍵作用以及不斷演變的法律法規。

Now, in terms of how the US treated immigration enforcement, the 19th and 20th centuries are actually really different from each other.

關於美國如何處理移民執法，19 世紀和 20 世紀實際上差異很大。

One of the remarkable things is that the Constitution is actually silent on immigration.

值得注意的是，憲法其實對移民問題保持沉默。

So for the first century of the republic, Congress plays virtually no role in regulating the arrival, admission, exclusion, or deportation of foreigners, with one notable exception, the Alien and Sedition act, which authorized the President to deport non citizens and allowed their arrest and imprisonment during wartime.

是以，在共和國的第一個世紀裡，國會幾乎不介入外國人的入境、接納、拒絕或驅逐的管制，只有一個顯著的例外，就是《外國人與煽動叛亂法》，該法授權總統驅逐非公民，並允許在戰時逮捕和監禁他們。

There is a panic in the United States over the potential radical ideas that certain immigrants are bringing to the United States, specifically after the French Revolution.

美國出現了一股恐慌，擔心某些移民會帶來激進思想，尤其是在法國大革命之後。

But real immigration restrictions wouldn't happen for almost another hundred years.

但真正的移民限制還要再等將近一百年才會出現。

And that's because until the Civil War resolved the issue of slavery in the US Regulating immigration at the that fact was incredibly difficult.

這是因為直到內戰解決了美國的奴隸制度問題，當時要規範移民實際上非常困難。

The problem throughout the antebellum period is if Congress had muscled in and said, we're going to control the arrival of the Irish poor into Boston or New York, exactly the same authority could have been used to regulate the arrival of free black people in South Carolina.

前戰爭時期一直存在的問題是，如果國會介入並說我們要控制愛爾蘭窮人進入波士頓或紐約，那麼同樣的權力也可以用來規範自由的黑人進入南卡羅來納州。

When you have slavery in the picture, it takes a Civil War to resolve that conflict between the national and the local level.

當奴隸制度存在時，需要一場內戰來解決國家和地方層級之間的衝突。

So then in 1882, after the Civil War, Congress passed two foundational laws restricting immigration in the U.S.

接著在 1882 年，內戰之後，國會通過了兩項限制美國移民的基礎性法律。

the Immigration act allowed the exclusion of certain vulnerable minorities, such as people carrying contagious diseases.

《移民法》允許排除某些弱勢少數族群，例如攜帶傳染病的人。

The Same year, in 1882, Congress passes another law, and that's the Chinese Exclusion Act.

同一年，也就是 1882 年，國會通過了另一項法律，那就是《排華法案》。

This law discriminates against Chinese people on grounds of race.

It also discriminates on grounds of class because it's targeting not all Chinese people, but

它也基於階級歧視，因為它針對的不是所有華人，而是

Now, since immigration isn't in the Constitution, this law was put to the courts and the Supreme Court made a decision that would have ripple effects all the way to the modern day.

由於移民法並未載於憲法，這項法律被提交給法院，最高法院做出了影響深遠的裁決，其效力一直延續至今。

In effect, what the Court rules is that power over national borders is so fundamental to the definition of any nation that it's extra constitutional.

事實上，法院裁定，國家邊界的權力對任何國家的定義都至關重要，是以它超出了憲法的範疇。

It's a matter of national security and geopolitics.

這是國家安全和地緣政治的問題。

This pivotal moment is when the US declares it has the right to turn immigrants away based solely on race or ethnicity.

這個關鍵時刻，美國宣稱它有權僅僅因為種族或族裔就拒絕移民入境。

And in 1891, the first federal immigration agency was established to enforce these laws.

到了 1891 年，第一個聯邦移民機構成立，負責執行這些法律。

The Office of the Superintendent of Immigration.

The immigrants of old turned their eyes toward America's gateway, Ellis Island.

昔日的移民們將目光投向了美國的門戶——埃利斯島。

It's really hard to overstate just how central Ellis island was to immigration at this time time.

埃利斯島在當時的移民史上有多麼重要，怎麼強調都不為過。

About two years after the formation of the first agency, the staff had grown to 180 people and 119 of them were employed at Ellis Island.

在第一個機構成立約兩年後，員工增至 180 人，其中 119 人在埃利斯島工作。

And that's because from 1892 to 1924, 20 million immigrants arrived in the US and 12 million of them came through Ellis island and almost none of them were turned away.

而且這是因為從 1892 年到 1924 年，有 2000 萬移民抵達美國，其中 1200 萬人是通過埃利斯島來的，而且幾乎沒有人被拒絕。

In that 40 year period between the 1880s and the 1920s, we would estimate that somewhere between only 1 and 2% of all European immigrants coming to the United States were excluded on arrival.

在 1880 年代到 1920 年代的這 40 年間，我們估計，來到美國的歐洲移民中，只有 1% 到 2% 的人抵達時被拒絕入境。

In an era without passports, without visas, without the administrative capacity to really enforce the law beyond a certain point, the expectation as long as you weren't Chinese coming to the United States, is that you would get in.

在沒有護照、沒有簽證、沒有真正執法能力的時代，只要你不是中國人來到美國，預期你都會獲准入境。

And the greatest war the world had known exploded in Europe after World War I.

第一次世界大戰後，世界所知最偉大的戰爭在歐洲爆發。

The United States shifted from welcoming immigrants to restricting them.

美國從歡迎移民轉變為限制移民。

Many Americans feared a wave of displaced European refugees and rising xenophobia intensified concerns that these immigrants would threaten national security and the so called American way of life.

許多美國人擔心歐洲流離失所的難民湧入，日益加劇的排外情緒加劇了人們對這些移民將威脅國家安全和所謂的美國生活方式的擔憂。

These fears culminated in the Immigration act of 1924.

這些恐懼最終促成了 1924 年的移民法案。

Until 1924, American borders were normatively open and after that they became normatively closed.

直到 1924 年，美國邊境基本上是開放的，之後則變成了基本上是關閉的。

You get large scale numerical restriction and this is the start of the third distinct era of US immigration, the Immigration act of 1924, set strict limits on how many immigrants could enter the US from each country.

你看到了大規模的數字限制，這標誌著美國移民史上的第三個獨立時代的開始，1924 年的移民法案對每個國家可以進入美國的移民人數設定了嚴格的限制。

US Immigration is restricted by law to a selective annual quota from each foreign country.

美國的移民法案嚴格規定了每個外國每年能有多少配額。

這些配額是根據1890年的美國人口普查數據來設定的，

the goal was to preserve the proportions of each nationality from over 30 years prior, which largely restricted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe.

目標是維持30多年前的國籍比例，這大大限制了來自東歐和南歐的移民。

And immigrants were excluded from not only China, but all of Asia as well as Africa.

不僅是中國，亞洲和非洲的所有移民也都被排除在外。

Upon signing the law, President Calvin Coolidge said, America must be kept American.

簽署法案時，卡爾文·柯立芝總統說，美國必須保持美國化。

So that to me is the turning point, because we totally take it for granted that there is a cap on immigration today.

所以對我來說，這是一個轉捩點，因為我們今天完全認為移民是有上限的。

And just by accepting that right, we are accepting the logic of the restrictionists.

僅僅接受這個權利，我們就接受了限制主義者的邏輯。

So in 1933, immigration enforcement was merged with naturalization and became the Immigration and Naturalization Services, or the INS.

到了1933年，移民執法與歸化合併，成為了移民歸化局，也就是INS。

They would remain the immigration agency until 2003.

他們一直擔任移民機構直到2003年。

然後在1940年，富蘭克林·羅斯福總統將INS從勞工部移到了司法部。

Roosevelt moved the INS from the Department of Labor to the Department of Justice.

這是一個將重新定義美國移民的變革，他這麼做是明確地意識到歐洲局勢日益嚴峻。

And that's a change that will come to redefine immigration in the US he does that pretty explicitly with the understanding that things are getting dicey in Europe.

1939年的收穫季節帶來了世界局勢的轉變，其對美國經濟的影響至今無人能預測。

The harvest days of 1939 brought a turn of world events whose effect on US economy no man can yet predict.

第二次世界大戰的威脅加劇了將移民視為國家安全問題的觀念。

The threat of World War II added to the growing notion of immigration as a national security issue.

Immigration was no longer just about managing a workforce.

羅斯福在他的重組計畫中寫道。

我深信，在現有條件下，移民及歸化事務唯有與司法部的活動緊密結合，才能最大程度地促進國家福祉。

I am convinced that under existing conditions, the immigration and naturalization activities can best contribute to the national well being only if they are closely integrated with the activities of the Department of Justice.

INS現在的任務是為所有美國移民採集指紋，並為他們認為是敵對外國人的人組織集中營和拘留中心。

The INS was now tasked with fingerprinting every immigrant in the US and organizing internment camps and detention centers for people they considered to be enemy aliens.

也就是說，沒有公民身份的人。

So that is people who do not have citizenship.

People whose political backgrounds has put them on the United States radar.

政治背景讓他們進入美國雷達名單的人。

During World War II, the INS detained almost 32,000 German, Italian and Japanese non US citizens who were also denied lawyers.

在第二次世界大戰期間，INS 拘留了近 32,000 名德國、義大利和日本籍非美國公民，他們也被剝奪了律師權。

In total, the INS operated as many as 65 incarceration camps in this period.

總計，INS 在此期間營運了多達 65 個拘留營。

We want to take a second to thank our Vox members.

我們想花一點時間感謝我們的 Vox 會員。

This video and reporting is only possible because of their financial support.

這支影片和報導的產出，全仰賴他們的財務支持。

And thanks to them, we were able to make this video free for everyone.

並且因為有他們，我們才能把這支影片免費提供給大家。

Reporting on sensitive topics like this one takes time, care and real resources.

報導像這樣敏感的議題，需要時間、細心和實際的資源。

Support from our members gives us the independence to take on difficult stories and the responsibility to get them right.

會員的支持讓我們有獨立性去處理艱難的故事，也有責任將它們講好。

Supporting us on Patreon is how this kind of reporting continues.

在 Patreon 上支持我們，是這類報導得以持續的方式。

Your membership directly funds the work behind Stories like this.

您的會員資格直接資助了像這樣故事背後的工作。

And if you're not able to support financially right now, you can still follow us on Patreon for free and stay connected to our reporting.

如果你現在沒辦法在金錢上支持我們，還是可以免費追蹤我們的 Patreon，隨時掌握我們的報導。

Now, there's one region we haven't really discussed so far that's central to this era of change in American Latin America.

現在，有一個區域到目前為止我們還沒有真正討論到，但它在這個美國拉丁美洲變革時代中扮演著核心角色。

It's important to note that the quota system implemented in the twenties never affected Latin America.

值得注意的是，二十年代實施的配額制度從未影響到拉丁美洲。

Agricultural businesses in the Southwest don't want any restriction on the labor supply.

西南部的農業企業不希望對勞動力供應有任何限制。

Latin America is exempted from from these laws.

拉丁美洲不受這些法律的約束。

That sentiment continued through to World War II, when there was a massive labor shortage in the U.S.

這種情緒一直持續到第二次世界大戰，當時美國出現了嚴重的勞動力短缺。

the 1942 Bracero program allowed millions of Mexican men to enter the US and work legally on short term labor contracts.

1942 年的 Bracero 計畫讓數百萬墨西哥男性得以合法進入美國，從事短期勞務合約工作。

Braceros In Spanish, this means a man who works with his arms and hands.

Braceros 在西班牙語中，意思是靠雙手工作的男人。

The program, a partnership with the Mexican government, guaranteed fair wages for the workers.

這項與墨西哥政府合作的計畫，保證了工人獲得公平的工資。

But many employers, especially in Texas, wanted even cheaper labor.

但許多僱主，尤其是在德州，卻想要更便宜的勞動力。

So while millions of Mexicans entered the country through legal means in the 40s and 50s, hundreds of thousands of undocumented workers also crossed the border illegally and found work.

是以，雖然數百萬墨西哥人在 40 和 50 年代透過合法途徑進入美國，但也有數十萬無證工人非法越過邊境找到工作。

And so it's in this time that the immigration debate in the US really focuses on the southern border.

正是在這個時期，美國的移民辯論真正聚焦於南部邊境。

And in 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower implemented Operation Wetback.

而在 1954 年，德懷特·艾森豪總統實施了「濕背行動」。

Named after a pejorative slur for Mexican immigrants.

這個名字來自一個貶低墨西哥移民的侮辱性稱呼。

The operation used military tactics to pursue its goals.

這次行動使用了軍事戰術來達成其目標。

We led by INS head and US Army Lieutenant General Joseph Swank, the American Border Patrol struggles against a tense, explosive international problem.

由 INS 主管兼美國陸軍中將約瑟夫·史旺克領導，美國邊境巡邏隊在緊張、爆炸性的國際問題中艱難奮鬥。

Along the sprawling California Mexico border, thousands of Mexican wetbacks or illegal entrants, are sneaking into the United States.

在廣闊的加州墨西哥邊境，數千名墨西哥的「濕背」或非法入境者正偷偷潛入美國。

The result was one of the largest deportation efforts in U.S. history.

結果是美國史上最大規模的驅逐行動之一。

The INS completed sweeps of factories and farms, shipping undocumented immigrants back to Mexico in boats, borders, buses and planes.

INS 完成了對工廠和農場的掃蕩，將無證移民用船隻、邊境、巴士和飛機遣返回墨西哥。