Name: 無神論算不算宗教？Crash Course 宗教學 #13 (Is Atheism a Religion?: Crash Course Religions #13)
Uploaded: 2025-11-13T23:09:12.000Z
Duration: 11 min 56 s

So this one will be fun and not at all stressful.

所以這次會很有趣，而且一點都不會讓人感到壓力。

At least according to 19th century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

至少根據 19 世紀德國哲學家 Friedrich Nietzsche 的說法。

Nietzsche was an atheist, meaning he didn't believe in a deity.

Nietzsche 是個無神論者，也就是說他不相信有神祇。

He was also a harsh critic of Christianity and religion in general.

他也是基督教和宗教的嚴厲批評者。

It was an alarm bell, a warning that there may be some downsides to conceiving of a universe governed by physics and not divine will.

這是一個警鐘，一個警告，意思是如果我們認為宇宙是由物理學而非神聖意志所支配，可能會有一些缺點。

Without God, who will we look to for more moral guidance?

沒有了上帝，我們要去哪裡尋求更多的道德指引呢？

The death of God could spell the end of European society, of the whole world.

上帝之死可能會預示著歐洲社會，乃至整個世界的終結。

So were the rumors of God's death an exaggeration?

那麼，關於上帝之死的傳言是不是言過其實了？

But Nietzsche's generation wasn't the first to give up their belief in God, and

但 Nietzsche 那一代並非第一個放棄對上帝的信仰，

Today we'll talk about what it means to live in a world where more and more people do not believe in gods, and

今天我們要聊聊，在越來越多人不信神祇的世界裡生活是什麼意思，

whether approaching those atheistic beliefs through the lens of religion can be informative, which won't make anyone mad.

以及從宗教的角度來探討無神論信仰，是否能帶來啟發，而且不會惹惱任何人。

The word atheism comes from the Greek word atheos, meaning without a God.

atheism 這個詞源自希臘語的 atheos，意思是沒有神。

And that's pretty much what atheism is, a lack of belief in a higher power.

這大致就是無神論的含義，也就是缺乏對更高力量的信仰。

But the word's meaning, like the folks who identify with it, has changed over time.

但這個詞的意義，就像認同它的人一樣，也隨著時間改變了。

Like back in the 16th and 17th centuries when the word first gained traction in Europe.

就像在 16、17 世紀，這個詞在歐洲開始流行起來的時候。

The the Protestant Reformation was in full swing and people needed a new vocabulary to describe the splintering of religious beliefs that was happening.

當時新教改革正如火如荼，人們需要新的詞彙來描述當時正在發生的宗教信仰的分裂。

The word atheist was originally coined as an insult, something few people would have identified with.

「atheist」這個詞最初是作為一種侮辱而創造的，很少有人會認同。

English dictionaries from the 1600s defined atheism as a damnable doctrine and often included quotes meant to discourage people from becoming atheists, which, I mean, I guess dictionaries have never been impartial.

1600 年代的英語字典將無神論定義為一種該受詛咒的學說，並且經常包含意在阻止人們成為無神論者的引述，我猜字典從來就沒有公正過。

French philosophers like Voltaire and Diderot in the late 17th and early 18th centuries made the idea of non belief a lot more mainstream and visible, even as they struggled with their own faiths personally.

像伏爾泰和狄德羅這樣的法國哲學家在 17 世紀末和 18 世紀初，讓不信的觀念變得更加主流和顯眼，儘管他們個人也掙扎於自己的信仰。

Similarly, some of the founders of the United States, while not technically atheists, were into deism, where they thought God technically existed.

同樣地，一些美國的開國元勳，雖然嚴格來說不是無神論者，但他們信奉自然神論，認為上帝確實存在。

But after making the universe, he just left it alone, like a watchmaker.

但在創造了宇宙之後，他就放手不管了，就像一個鐘錶匠一樣。

Or like my personal hero, Charles Alderton, who invented the perfect soda recipe, Dr.

或者像我個人的英雄，Charles Alderton，他發明瞭完美的蘇打水配方，Dr.

Pepper, and then left it alone to take over the world.

Pepper，然後就放手讓它風靡全球。

Different deists were more or less prone to reject Christianity, with some interested in Christianity's moral and ethical Teachings while ignoring, like the God stuff.

不同的自然神論者對拒絕基督教的程度不一，有些人對基督教的道德和倫理教義感興趣，卻忽略了神的存在。

Thomas Jefferson, for instance, spent years privately cutting every reference to the supernatural out of a Bible, while pasting and moving around certain teachings on morals and ethics.

例如，湯瑪斯·傑佛遜花了多年時間，私下刪除聖經中所有關於超自然的內容，同時拼貼和移動關於道德和倫理的某些教義。

Atheism really took off during the 19th century with the writings of folks like Nietzsche, Charles Darwin, and

無神論在 19 世紀隨著 Nietzsche、Charles Darwin 和

Karl Marx 等人的著作而真正興起。

While Darwin himself was neither here nor there on the existing existence of a God, his theories about human evolution were often seen as in opposition to the Christian creation story.

雖然 Darwin 本人對於上帝是否存在並沒有明確的立場，但他的演化論經常被視為與基督教的創世故事對立。

And Darwin's friend and fellow scientist, Thomas Huxley even debated the highly regarded Bishop of Oxford on the topic and essentially told the bishop, I'd rather have an ape for a grandfather than a guy like you.

Darwin 的朋友兼同事，科學家 Thomas Huxley，甚至與備受尊敬的牛津主教就此議題進行辯論，並大致告訴主教，我寧願有隻猿猴當祖父，也不願有你這種人。

While atheists are still often stereotyped as immoral or even dangerous, atheism itself continues to grow in popularity.

雖然無神論者仍常被刻板印象為不道德甚至危險，但無神論本身持續受到歡迎。

In 2024, studies showed that roughly 28% of Americans ident identified as religiously unaffiliated.

2024 年的研究顯示，大約有 28% 的美國人認為自己沒有宗教信仰。

Of course, all those unaffiliated folks aren't necessarily atheists.

當然，所有這些沒有宗教信仰的人不一定都是無神論者。

Within this category, there's a pretty big crew of agnostics, which comes from a word that means without knowledge.

在這個分類裡，有很大一部分是不可知論者，這個詞源自於「沒有知識」的意思。

Appropriately, agnostics say they simply don't know whether there's a God.

很貼切地，不可知論者表示他們就是不知道有沒有神。

Many think it's impossible to prove or disprove God's existence and that there's no point in trying.

許多人認為證明或反證神的存在是不可能的，而且沒有意義。

Then you have your materialists, who believe that everything that exists can be studied through science, which isn't an outright denial of God's existence, but

然後你還有唯物論者，他們相信所有存在的事物都可以透過科學研究，這並非直接否認神的存在，而是

a way of saying if a God did exist, it would have to do so within the laws of physics.

一種說法，如果神存在，那也必須在物理學的法則之內。

而且的確有很多人認為自己是無神論者。

But even within atheism, we find variations in philosophy.

但即使在無神論內部，我們也能找到哲學上的差異。

There's explicit atheism, which asserts positively that no higher power exists, and

有一種是明確無神論，它正面斷言沒有更高的力量存在，而

implicit atheism, which is a passive lack of belief in a higher power.

另一種是隱性無神論，這是一種被動地不相信有更高的力量。

Oh, boy, I'm getting a call from a blocked number which I didn't know was even possible.

喔，天啊，我接到一個未知號碼的來電，我還不知道這是可能的。

I mean, that doesn't even begin to describe everything we do at crash course.

意思是，這根本無法描述我們在 Crash Course 所做的一切。

Isn't believing in God just like, a better bet than not believing?

相信有神，不比不相信來得更好嗎？

Like, I mean, if atheists are right, then believing in God doesn't change anything.

像是，如果無神論者是對的，那相信有神什麼都沒改變。

But if they're wrong, we lose everything.

但如果他們錯了，我們就失去一切。

Wouldn't it be better to just hedge your bets and believe?

乾脆兩邊都押注，相信一下，這樣不是更好嗎？

That's actually a pretty popular philosophical argument called Pascal's Wager.

這其實是一個很受歡迎的哲學論證，叫做「巴斯卡賭注」。

It's the idea that belief In God is like the safer bet, so I'll bite.

它的想法是，相信有神就像是比較安全的選擇，所以我就信了。

上帝，天父，大寫的 G。那位。

Don't even get me started listing all the literal millions of Hindu deities.

別讓我開始列舉那些字面上有數百萬種的印度神祇。

And then, of course, there's always the possibility that the one true God belongs to a religion that doesn't even exist yet.

然後，當然，那位獨一的真神也有可能屬於一個還不存在的宗教。

Right, but I don't believe in any of those.

喔，是什麼讓宙斯或狄蜜特不真實呢？

You know, I'm starting to think I might actually be getting through to him.

你知道嗎，我開始覺得我好像真的能讓他聽進去。

That's a picture of his butt with the caption this is yous.

那是他屁股的照片，還寫著「這就是你」。

our friend, the devil's advocate, has brought up a good point, just not the one he was trying to make.

我們的朋友，那個魔鬼的辯護者，提出了一個好觀點，只是不是他原本想表達的。

Atheism as we know it today is often brought up in opposition to Christianity.

我們今天所知的無神論，常被用來反對基督教。

But the idea itself is considerably older and more diverse than that comparison suggests.

但這個概念本身比這個比較所暗示的還要古老且多元。

In many cultures throughout history, there have been groups who didn't care if the gods and goddesses of their people were really real, and

在歷史上許多文化中，都有一些群體不在乎他們人民的神祇是否真的存在，

others who specifically didn't believe in the popular deities of their day.

還有一些人則明確不相信當時流行的神祇。

Up to 20% of people who identify as Christian aren't sure they believe the God of the Bible is really real and therefore might be classified as agnostic.

高達 20% 的基督徒不確定他們是否相信聖經中的上帝是真實存在的，是以可能被歸類為不可知論者。

And in other religious traditions, including Judaism, it's even more common.

在其他宗教傳統中，包括猶太教，這種情況更為普遍。

Ancient India saw multiple schools within hind that denied the existence of an eternal or personal God.

古印度有多個印度教流派，否認永恆或個人神的存有。

Buddhism was founded by a guy who didn't have much use for deities.

佛教是由一位不太在意神祇的人創立的。

Jainism, a religion that was founded in the 5th century and influenced the nonviolent ideologies of people like Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

耆那教，一個創立於五世紀並影響了甘地、馬丁·路德·金恩等人的非暴力思想的宗教，

Has no rules about believing in a higher power.

沒有關於相信更高力量的規定。

In many cases, though, these weren't the atheists we'd think of today.

不過，在許多情況下，這些並非我們今天所想的無神論者。

Scholars often used the term non theism instead of Atheism for ancient traditions.

學者們常使用「非神論」而非「無神論」來形容古代傳統。

These non theists were simply concerned with questions other than does God exist?

這些非神論者只是關心其他問題，而非「神是否存在？」

Cultures in ancient China, Greece, and Rome all had their non theism cliques.

古代中國、希臘和羅馬的文化都有他們的非神論小團體。

At various times in the last couple centuries, though, especially in the United States, atheism has broadened into a way to critique religion, society and politics, especially the places where society is shaped by religious traditions.

在過去幾個世紀的許多時期，尤其是在美國，無神論已擴展成一種批判宗教、社會和政治的方式，特別是那些社會由宗教傳統塑造的地方。

字幕列表影片播放

無神論算不算宗教？Crash Course 宗教學 #13 (Is Atheism a Religion?: Crash Course Religions #13)

episode

debate

ancient

prone