Name: 毒品如何讓人產生幻覺？- Anees Bahji (How do drugs make you hallucinate? - Anees Bahji)
Uploaded: 2025-06-10T05:39:11.000Z
Duration: 6 min 27 s

In April 1943, Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman accidentally exposed himself to a drug he derived from ergot fungus and recorded its unexpected, mind-altering effects.

1943 年 4 月，瑞士化學家阿爾伯特-霍夫曼（Albert Hoffman）意外接觸到一種他從麥角菌中提取的藥物，並記錄下了這種藥物意想不到的改變心智的效果。

The drug lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, was soon heralded for its psychiatric potential.

麥角酰二乙胺（即迷幻劑）這種藥物很快就因其在精神方面的潛力而備受推崇。

But how do LSD and other psychedelic drugs affect the body?

但迷幻劑和其他迷幻藥對人體有什麼影響呢？

Psychedelics are a class of drugs that alter mood, cognition, and perception, often triggering unusual states of consciousness, like hallucinations.

迷幻藥是一類能改變情緒、認知和感知的藥物，通常會引發不尋常的意識狀態，如幻覺。

They all interact with the body's serotonin neurotransmitter system, which regulates many processes including mood, sleep-wake cycles, appetite, and memory.

它們都與體內的血清素神經遞質系統相互作用，而血清素神經遞質系統可調節情緒、睡眠-覺醒週期、食慾和記憶等許多過程。

Lower rates of serotonin signaling are associated with impaired sleep and attention and diminished responses to positive information.

血清素信號傳遞率降低與睡眠和注意力受損以及對積極資訊的反應減弱有關。

Meanwhile, higher rates tend to track with more positive moods and greater emotional stability.

同時，較高的比率往往與更積極的情緒和更穩定的情緒有關。

All psychedelic drugs increase the amount of serotonin signaling.

所有迷幻藥都會增加血清素的信號量。

However, they interact with the serotonin system in different ways and affect other neurotransmitter systems, all of which determines their unique effects and medical potential.

然而，它們以不同的方式與血清素系統相互作用，並影響其他神經遞質系統，所有這些都決定了它們的獨特效果和醫療潛力。

Hoffman's discovery inspired a wave of psychedelic research that largely stalled in the 1970s due to concerns over breaches in research ethics as well as conservative drug policies.

霍夫曼的發現掀起了迷幻藥研究的熱潮，但在 20 世紀 70 年代，由於擔心違背研究倫理以及保守的藥物政策，研究工作基本上停滯不前。

However, it's picked back up in recent decades, and some psychedelics show promise in addressing even treatment-resistant conditions.

然而，近幾十年來，迷幻藥的研究又有了新的進展，一些迷幻藥甚至在治療耐藥性疾病方面顯示出了希望。

Take LSD and the mushroom-derived compound psilocybin.

就拿迷幻藥和蘑菇提取的化合物迷幻藥來說吧。

When they cross the blood-brain barrier, receptors recognize them as serotonin.

當它們穿過血腦屏障時，受體會將其識別為血清素。

Interestingly, they tend to suppress the areas that make up the brain's default mode network and initiate more connections with other brain regions.

有趣的是，它們往往會抑制構成大腦默認模式網絡的區域，並啟動與其他大腦區域的更多連接。

The default mode network is important in self-referential thinking and mind-wandering.

默認模式網絡在自我參照思維和思維遊走方面非常重要。

It's thought that by suppressing its activity, LSD and psilocybin may generate the distinctive psychedelic experience of ego dissolution, characterized by a radical shift in self-perception.

人們認為，通過抑制它的活性，迷幻藥和西洛賽賓可能會產生自我解體的獨特迷幻體驗，這種體驗的特點是自我認知的徹底轉變。

The default mode network is also associated with mental health disorders.

默認模式網絡也與精神疾病有關。

By disrupting its activity, psilocybin and LSD might help normalize it.

通過干擾其活動，迷幻藥和迷幻劑可能有助於使其恢復正常。

This may be why they can reduce the symptoms of conditions like depression, potentially doing so faster than traditional treatments.

這可能就是它們能減輕抑鬱症等疾病症狀的原因，而且可能比傳統療法更快。

Trials that pair LSD or psilocybin with talk therapy also show promise in treating disordered tobacco and alcohol use, perhaps by similarly altering people's self-perception.

將迷幻劑或迷幻藥與談話療法相結合的試驗也顯示出治療菸酒嗜好紊亂的前景，這或許也是通過類似的方式改變人們的自我認知。

And they seem to activate receptors that facilitate social behavior, empathy, and gratitude, leading people to feel greater harmony with a larger community.

它們似乎還能激活受體，促進社會行為、同理心和感激之情，使人們感到與更大的社區更加和諧。

It's thought that this is why they can help alleviate the distress people living with advanced cancer diagnoses experience, as preliminary trials suggest.

初步試驗表明，這就是為什麼它們可以幫助減輕晚期癌症患者的痛苦。

Overall, LSD and psilocybin seem to function similarly, but LSD is more potent and associated with longer-lasting psychedelic experiences.

總體而言，迷幻劑和迷幻藥的功能似乎相似，但迷幻劑的藥效更強，迷幻體驗的持續時間更長。

MDMA, meanwhile, triggers the release of neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, and elevates levels of the hormone oxytocin.

與此同時，搖頭丸會引發多巴胺、去甲腎上腺素和血清素等神經遞質的釋放，並提高荷爾蒙催產素的水準。

These changes generate effects like heightened heart rate and sensory perception, as well as feelings of euphoria, bonding, empathy, and safety.

這些變化產生的效應包括心率加快、感官知覺增強，以及興奮、親近、共鳴和安全感。

Because of this, researchers have begun investigating MDMA as a possible therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder.

正因為如此，研究人員開始研究將搖頭丸作為治療創傷後應激障礙的一種可能療法。

MDMA releases oxytocin, sometimes referred to as the bonding hormone, which may help reinforce an environment of safety, trust, and connectedness.

搖頭丸會釋放催產素，有時也被稱為 "結合荷爾蒙"，有助於強化安全、信任和聯繫的環境。

MDMA is also thought to modulate activity in the amygdala, which plays a central role in processing fear.

搖頭丸還被認為可以調節杏仁核的活動，而杏仁核在處理恐懼時起著核心作用。

PTSD can be difficult to treat because of how painful it is to revisit traumatic experiences.

創傷後應激障礙很難治療，因為重溫創傷經歷是一件非常痛苦的事情。

However, it's thought that MDMA could help patients discuss trauma without debilitatingly negative emotions, and potentially aid in uncoupling traumatic memories from the threatening feelings they usually surface, a process known as fear extinction.

不過，人們認為搖頭丸可以幫助患者討論創傷，而不會產生令人崩潰的負面情緒，並有可能幫助患者將創傷記憶與通常會浮現的威脅感分離開來，這一過程被稱為恐懼消退。

More studies are needed to test this theory and determine MDMA's safety and effectiveness.

需要進行更多的研究來驗證這一理論，並確定搖頭丸的安全性和有效性。

Psychedelics also show some promise in helping address chronic pain and cluster headaches.

迷幻藥在幫助解決慢性疼痛和叢集性頭痛方面也顯示出一定的前景。

And unlike pain-relieving opioids, they aren't considered addictive.

與止痛的阿片類藥物不同，它們不會成癮。

Some research suggests psychedelics can be stressful on the heart, and their extensive psychological effect make it hard to predict individual responses.

一些研究表明，迷幻藥可能會對心臟造成壓力，而且其廣泛的心理效應使我們很難預測個人的反應。

Psychedelics can unmask pre-existing psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, which is why clinical trials usually have thorough screening processes.

迷幻藥會掩蓋已經存在的精神障礙（如精神分裂症），這就是為什麼臨床試驗通常會有徹底的篩選過程。

And paranoia, psychosis, and hallucinations, which can persist even after the drug has been metabolized, are potential side effects.

妄想症、精神病和幻覺是潛在的副作用，甚至在藥物代謝後仍會持續存在。

Therapy sessions that employ psychedelics usually require preparation, like mindfulness and breathing techniques, and should take place in safe, supportive environments with emergency protocols in place.

使用迷幻劑的治療過程通常需要做好準備，比如正念和呼吸技巧，而且應該在安全、支持性的環境中進行，並制定應急協議。

We've learned a lot about psychedelics since Hoffman's fateful experiment.

自從霍夫曼的致命實驗之後，我們對迷幻藥有了很多瞭解。

But there's much more to uncover, and not without challenges.

但要揭開的東西還有很多，而且並非沒有挑戰。

Psychoactive substances like psychedelics pose issues for blind clinical trials, since their effects can be pretty obvious to participants who shouldn't know they're receiving treatment.

迷幻藥等精神活性物質會給盲法臨床試驗帶來一些問題，因為它們的作用對於那些不知道自己正在接受治療的參與者來說可能非常明顯。

To fully understand their therapeutic potential, we need many more scientifically, ethically rigorous trials that weed out bias, prioritize participant welfare, and grapple with complex results.

為了充分了解它們的治療潛力，我們需要進行更多科學上和道德上嚴格的試驗，以消除偏見，優先考慮參與者的福利，並處理複雜的結果。

Explore the effects of another drug on the body and brain with this video on marijuana.

通過這段關於大麻的視頻，探索另一種藥物對身體和大腦的影響。

Or find out what is happening in your brain when you hallucinate with this video.

或者通過這段視頻瞭解當你產生幻覺時大腦中發生了什麼。