and permanently. And at the end of this video, I'll give you a link to a webpage that links

並永久的。而在這段視頻的最後，我'會給你一個鏈接到一個網頁，鏈接到

to a lot of free pronunciation exercises.

到很多免費的發音練習。

Let's start by talking about a very frustrating problem.

讓我們先來談談一個非常令人沮喪的問題。

Suppose I currently mispronounce this word. Suppose I say pogam instead of program. I

假設我目前把這個詞唸錯了。假設我說pogam而不是program。I

want to fix this mistake. So I learn the right pronunciation and I repeat it over and over.

想要糾正這個錯誤。於是我學著正確的發音，一遍又一遍的重複。

program program program.

程式程式。

Now here's the problem. Because I have mispronounced this word for so long, the incorrect pronunciation

現在問題來了'。因為我把這個詞唸錯了這麼久，不正確的發音是

has become a habit. And because of that, I can only say the word correctly if I pay attention

已成為一種習慣。也正因為如此，我只有注意了，才能正確地說出這個詞。

to my pronunciation. If I don't pay attention, I will revert back to the old habit.

到我的發音。如果我不注意，我就會恢復到以前的習慣。

So how can I solve this problem?

那麼如何才能解決這個問題呢？

Well, the answer is...I have to increase the number of repetitions.

嗯，答案是......我必須增加重複的次數。

Imagine that right now inside my brain there are two memories associated with the word

想象一下，現在在我的大腦裡面，有兩個記憶與這個詞相關聯。

program. One of them is old. The other is new. The old memory represents the wrong pronunciation

程序。其中一個是舊的。另一個是新的。舊的記憶代表錯誤的發音

- the bad habit. The new one represents the right pronunciation that I've just learned.

- 的壞習慣。新的代表了我剛剛學會的正確發音'。

So these are memories of how to coordinate the muscles in my tongue, lips, and other

所以，這些都是我的記憶，如何協調我的舌頭、嘴脣等肌肉

parts to say the word "program".

部件說詞"程序"。

The reason that I mispronounce this word if I don't pay attention is that the old memory

我之所以一不留神就把這個詞唸錯了，是因為舊的記憶力

is much stronger.

是強得多。

If I want to break this old habit, I have to repeat the right pronunciation many, many

如果我想改掉這個舊習慣，我必須重複很多很多正確的發音。

times. Every time I do that, the new memory gets stronger, and the old memory gets weaker.

次。每做一次，新的記憶就變強，舊的記憶就變弱。

I repeat - the old memory doesn't stay the same. It actually gets weaker.

我重複一遍--舊的記憶不會保持不變。它實際上會變弱。

This phenomenon is called Retrieval-Induced Forgetting. It happens when there are two

這種現象稱為檢索誘導遺忘。當有兩個

or more memories competing with each others. It's a phenomenon where retrieving one memory

或多個記憶相互競爭。這是一個現象，檢索一個記憶

makes us forget other memories.

使我們忘記了其他的記憶。

This is why you have to be careful when fixing a mistake. If you accidentally repeat the

這就是為什麼你在修正錯誤時必須小心翼翼的原因。如果你不小心重複了

mistake, it'll strengthen the old habit and weaken the correction that you're trying to

錯，它會加強舊的習慣，並削弱你試圖糾正的

make, making the problem worse.

使，使問題更加嚴重。

So that's the first thing to keep in mind. You have to repeat, repeat, and repeat.

所以這'是首先要記住的。你必須重複，重複，再重複。

This sounds good in theory. But in practice, there's huge problem with repetition.

這在理論上聽起來不錯。但在實踐中，存在著巨大的重複性問題。

So what's the problem with repetition?

那麼，重複有什麼問題呢'？

Well, it takes a tremendous amount of time. Fixing just one mistake requires a lot of

嗯，這需要大量的時間。糾正一個錯誤就需要大量的

repetition. Who has time for that? After all, you probably have lot of mistakes to eliminate.

重複。誰有時間做這些？畢竟，你可能有很多錯誤要消除。

So what can you do?

那你能做什麼？

Fortunately, there's a technique that you can use to speed up the process. And that

幸運的是，有'的技術，你可以用它來加快這個過程。而這

is exaggeration.

是誇張的。

Going back to our previous example, suppose I pronounce this word as pogam. That's incorrect

回到我們之前的例子，假設我把這個詞念成pogam。這是不正確的

because the R sound is missing. If I want to fix this mistake quickly, I will exaggerate

因為缺少了R音。如果我想盡快糾正這個錯誤，我會誇大

the R sound. pRogRam pRogRam pRogRam.

PRogRam PRogRam PRogRam。

Here's another example: Let's say I pronounce this word as "banana". This is incorrect because

下面'是另一個例子。比方說，我把這個詞念成"香蕉"。這是不正確的，因為

I don't stress the second syllable. So to fix this, I will stress the second syllable

我不強調第二個音節。所以，為了解決這個問題，我將強調第二個音節

real hard. baNAna baNAna.

真的很難，巴納納巴納納

This sounds silly but you will not believe how much faster your pronunciation will improve

這聽起來很傻，但你不會相信你的發音會有多快的改善。

when you exaggerate.

當你誇大。

But how does this technique help you improve your pronunciation faster?

但是這個技巧如何幫助你更快地提高發音呢？

Well, one of the reasons that we mispronounce words is that we replace certain sounds with

好吧，我們唸錯單詞的原因之一是我們把某些音替換成了

other sounds that are easier to say. So a non-native speaker might pronounce this word

其他更容易說的音。是以，一個非本地人可能會把這個詞讀作

as "taught" instead of "thought". We also tend ignore certain sounds. So we might pronounce

作為"教導"而不是"思想"。我們也傾向於忽略某些音。所以我們可能會把

this word as hoss instead of horse.

此字作 "馬 "而非 "oss"。

This is because the brain is lazy. It has the tendency to pronounce words in the easiest

這是因為大腦是懶惰的。它傾向於用最簡單的方式來唸單詞

way possible.

的方式。

But when you exaggerate, you're telling your lazy brain that the sounds being exaggerating

但是，當你誇張的時候，你'告訴你的懶惰的大腦，聲音被誇大了

are important. You're basically telling your brain, "Hey, these sounds are important. Do

是重要的。你'基本上告訴你的大腦，"嘿，這些聲音是重要的。做

not ignore them." So you when speak normally, you will sound much clearer.

不忽視他們."所以你在正常說話的時候，你的聲音會清晰很多。

But that's not all. When you exaggerate, you're strengthening the muscles involved in speaking,

但這'不是全部。當你誇張的時候，你'正在加強說話時涉及的肌肉。

especially your tongue muscles. This is a huge benefit because if those muscles are

尤其是你的舌頭肌肉。這是一個巨大的好處，因為如果這些肌肉是

strong, you will speak much clearer.

強，你會說得更清楚。

So to summarize: There are two things that you can do to quickly and permanently improve

所以總結一下。有兩件事你可以做，以快速和永久地改善。

your pronunciation. Number one: You can use repetition to break bad speaking habits and

你的發音。第一。你可以用重複的方式來打破不良的說話習慣，並且...

replace them with good ones. Number two: You can speed up the process by exaggerating everything

用好的來代替它們。第二條：你可以通過誇大一切來加快進程

that should be exaggerated.

應該是誇張的。

Alright, that's all for today. To help you get started, I've created a resource page

好了，今天就到這裡吧。為了幫助你開始，我已經創建了一個資源頁。

that links to a lot of free pronunciation exercises. So click here to go to that page.

鏈接到很多免費的發音練習。所以點擊這裡進入該頁面。