Name: 36 個外科亞專科｜哪個適合您？ (36 Surgical Subspecialties | Which Is Right For You?)
Uploaded: 2025-10-27T18:30:51.000Z
Duration: 17 min 8 s

Are you interested in pursuing a surgical specialty or subspecialty?

你對外科專科或次專科有興趣嗎？

Jubbal medschoolinsiders.com There are six surgical residency paths, as well as dozens of further sub specializations to choose from.

Jubbal medschoolinsiders.com 有六種外科住院醫師訓練途徑，還有數十種更細的次專科可以選擇。

First, let's discuss the categorical surgical residency options, including some of the fellowship options you can choose to pursue afterward.

首先，我們來談談分類外科住院醫師訓練的選項，以及之後可以選擇的研究員訓練。

These are specialties where you must match into the program directly rather than completing a general surgery residency first.

這些是必須直接申請的專科，而不是先完成一般外科住院醫師訓練。

And speaking of general surgery, this is the broadest of the surgical fields and a specialty you can pursue.

說到一般外科，這是外科領域中最廣泛的專科，也是你可以選擇的專攻方向。

It includes the surgical management of diseases and injuries from head to toe, such as head and neck, thoracic and abdomen surgeries.

它包含了從頭到腳的疾病和損傷的外科治療，例如頭頸部、胸腔和腹腔手術。

Operations can range from traumatic injuries to repairing diseased tissue to removing cancer.

手術範圍從外傷、修復病變組織到切除癌症都有。

Since so many surgeons choose to specialize, many who choose not to pursue a fellowship are relegated to procedures of the digestive and endocrine systems.

由於許多外科醫師選擇專攻，所以許多選擇不進行研究員訓練的人，就只能處理消化系統和內分泌系統的手術。

While not always considered a luxurious specialty, general surgeons still make $451k a year, and

雖然不總是算高薪專科，但一般外科醫師一年還是能賺到 451k 美元，而且

since they don't need to complete a fellowship after residency, they're able to start working and paying back debt sooner.

因為他們住院醫師訓練結束後不需要再進行研究員訓練，所以能更快開始工作並償還債務。

What's interesting about general surgery is that it's the pathway to many other subspecialties.

一般外科有趣的地方在於，它是通往許多其他次專科的途徑。

We'll cover the many general surgery subspecializations later in this video.

在這支影片後面，我們會介紹一般外科的各種次專科。

Next, as you likely already know, is my personal favorite specialty, plastic surgery.

接下來，正如你可能已經知道的，是我個人最喜歡的專科：整形外科。

Plastic surgeons focus primarily on a patient's soft tissue, such as fat, skin and muscle, to reconstruct or reshape a patient's function or appearance.

整形外科醫師主要專注於病患的軟組織，像是脂肪、皮膚和肌肉，來重建或重塑病患的功能或外觀。

Unlike other surgical specialties, plastic surgeons can work on any part of the body, from head to toe to hands to feet to eyelids to genitalia.

和其他外科專科不同的是，整形外科醫師可以處理身體的任何部位，從頭到腳、手到腳、眼皮到生殖器。

There are two different types of plastic surgery, aesthetic or cosmetic plastic surgery and reconstructive plastic surgery.

整形外科有兩種不同類型：美容整形外科和重建整形外科。

Aesthetic plastic surgery deals with procedures like liposuction, breast augmentation and rhinoplasties, also known as nose job.

美容整形外科處理像是抽脂、隆乳和鼻整形手術（也稱為隆鼻手術）等療程。

Reconstructive plastic surgery involves procedures to correct body and facial abnormalities such as cleft palate.

重建整形外科則涉及矯正身體和臉部異常的療程，例如脣顎裂。

Plastic surgery regularly ranks as one of the top two most competitive specialties, as not only is it on the cutting edge of technology, it has one of the highest average annual compensations at over $600,000 and a very high ceiling for those going into aesthetics.

整形外科經常名列競爭最激烈的前兩名專科之一，不僅因為它走在科技尖端，平均年薪也超過 60 萬美元，而且從事美容領域的人還有非常高的收入上限。

There are two different paths to plastic surgery after medical school.

醫學院畢業後，有兩條不同的整形外科訓練路徑。

First is the much more competitive integrated path, which means six years of plastic surgery residency.

第一種是競爭更激烈的整合路徑，也就是為期六年的整形外科住院醫師訓練。

The other is the independent path, whereby you complete five years of general surgery residency before applying for an additional three years of independent plastic surgery residency, which brings the total to eight years after completing a plastic surgery residency, you can choose to further specialize through fellowship options.

另一種是獨立路徑，也就是先完成五年一般外科住院醫師訓練，然後申請額外三年的獨立整形外科住院醫師訓練，總共八年。完成整形外科住院醫師訓練後，你可以選擇透過研究員訓練來進一步專攻。

Some of those fellowship options include craniofacial surgery, which is the surgical correction of extreme facial deformities, facial clefts and and skull abnormalities aesthetic surgery, which focuses on improving a patient's appearance through elective procedures such as facelifts, breast augmentation and liposuction breast reconstruction surgery, which is the surgical implanting, augmenting and restructuring of the breast most often due to cancer and microsurgery, which focuses on operating on and repairing nerves, small blood vessels and tissues using microscopic technology.

有些研究員訓練選項包括：顱顏外科，這是透過手術矯正嚴重的臉部畸形、脣顎裂和頭骨異常；美容外科，專注於透過選擇性手術改善病患外觀，例如臉部拉皮、隆乳和抽脂；乳房重建手術，通常是為了癌症而進行的乳房植入、增大和重塑手術；以及顯微手術，專注於使用顯微鏡技術操作和修復神經、小型血管和組織。

It's a strenuous specialty with some of the most complex surgery in all of medicine.

這是一個艱辛的外科專科，擁有醫學中最複雜的手術。

The most complicated surgeries can last more than 12 hours, involve multiple surgeons and require very careful follow up to ensure the surgery remains successful.

最複雜的手術可能持續超過 12 小時，涉及多位外科醫師，並且需要非常仔細的後續追蹤，以確保手術成功。

For more information about these fellowship paths, as well as all of the categorical residency options, check out our so youo Want to Be playlist linked in the description.

想了解更多關於這些研究員訓練路徑，以及所有分類外科住院醫師訓練選項的資訊，請查看我們連結在說明欄的「So you want to be」播放清單。

Next, we have neurosurgery, which is much more than brain surgery.

接下來是神經外科，這不只是腦部手術。

This specialty involves the surgical treatment of disorders that affect the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and

這個專科涉及對影響中樞神經系統的疾病進行外科治療，包括大腦和脊髓，

as well as the peripheral nervous system, which includes the neuromuscular junctions, peripheral nerves, cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches.

以及周邊神經系統，包括神經肌肉接合處、周邊神經、顱神經、脊神經及其根部和分支。

Neurosurgery can be broken down into two overarching elective surgery and non elective surgery, which is also known as emergent or trauma surgery.

神經外科可以分為兩大類：選擇性手術和非選擇性手術，後者也稱為緊急手術或創傷手術。

Elective surgeries generally treat conditions that are not immediately life threatening, such as spine surgery, cranial surgery and peripheral nerve surgery.

選擇性手術通常治療沒有立即生命危險的病症，例如脊椎手術、顱部手術和周邊神經手術。

Emergent or trauma surgery includes traumatic injuries to both the cranium and spine.

緊急或創傷手術包括顱骨和脊椎的創傷。

While neurosurgeons are extremely well compensated, earning $788,000 a year.

雖然神經外科醫師的報酬非常豐厚，年收入可達 788,000 美元。

It's a very challenging career path due to its long hours, poor work, life balance and competitiveness.

由於工時長、工作與生活平衡差且競爭激烈，這是一條極具挑戰的職業道路。

Plus it's going to take a long time to see that salary as neurosurgery residency lasts a whopping seven years, which is the longest residency from start to finish.

而且要看到這樣的薪水還需要很長的時間，因為神經外科住院醫師訓練長達七年，是所有訓練中最長的。

Neurosurgeons can further specialize with fellowship options, including neurovascular surgery, which is notably technical, deals with aneurysms, hemorrhagic strokes and bypassing blockages in the brain.

神經外科醫師可以透過研究員訓練選項進一步專攻，包括神經血管外科，這是一項技術性很強的領域，處理動脈瘤、出血性中風以及繞過腦部阻塞。

Peripheral neurosurgery deals with operations on the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, and

周邊神經外科處理周邊神經系統的手術，包括腦部和脊髓以外的所有神經，以及

skull base surgery, which focuses on tumors that grow along the base of the skull.

顱底手術，專注於顱底的腫瘤。

Orthopedic surgery deals with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system.

骨科手術處理涉及肌肉骨骼系統的病症。

Orthopedic surgeons utilize both surgical and non surgical treatments to manage musculoskeletal trauma, infections, tumor tumors, degenerative diseases, congenital disorders, spine diseases and sports injuries.

骨科醫師會運用手術和非手術的治療方式來處理肌肉骨骼損傷、感染、腫瘤、退化性疾病、先天性疾病、脊椎疾病和運動傷害。

Where plastic surgeons focus on soft tissue, orthopedic surgeons focus on bones, though neither does so exclusively.

雖然整形外科醫師專注於軟組織，但骨科醫師則專注於骨骼，不過兩者都不是絕對的。

Orthopedic surgery residency lasts five years and the specialty consistently ranks in the top five most competitive in part due to its large annual salary of $624,000 a year.

骨科住院醫師訓練為期五年，由於年薪高達 624,000 美元，該專科一直位居競爭最激烈的前五名之一。

After completing an orthopedic residency, you can choose to further specialize through several fellowship options, some of which are hand surgery, which focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of hand injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome and degenerative and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as pathological disorders or trauma that affect the hand and wrist.

完成骨科住院醫師訓練後，您可以選擇透過幾種研究員訓練選項進一步專攻，其中包含手外科，專注於診斷、治療和復健腕隧道症候群、退化性關節炎和類風濕性關節炎等手部損傷，以及影響手腕的病變或創傷。

Note that a hand surgery fellowship can also be pursued after a plastic surgery residency or much less commonly, a general surgery residency orthopedic trauma, which focuses on fractures of the long bones of the extremities such as such as the femur, tibia, forearm and humerus, as well as fractures of the pelvis and hip socket spine surgery, which includes surgical interventions to correct spinal deformity trauma, degenerative disease and nerve compression and sports surgery, which is by far the most common fellowship for orthopedic surgeons.

請注意，手外科研究員訓練也可以在整形外科住院醫師訓練後，或較少見的，一般外科住院醫師訓練後進行。骨科創傷，專注於四肢長骨（如股骨、脛骨、前臂骨和肱骨）的骨折，以及骨盆和髖臼的骨折。脊椎手術，包含矯正脊椎變形、創傷、退化性疾病和神經壓迫的手術介入。運動醫學，是骨科醫師最常見的研究員訓練。

It focuses on far more than treating athletes.

As the name suggests, these surgeons treat ligamentous injuries, tendinous injuries, shoulder and elbow disease, as well as foot and ankle overuse.

顧名思義，這些外科醫師會治療韌帶損傷、肌腱損傷、肩部和肘部疾病，以及足部和踝部的過度使用問題。

Otorhinolaryngology, or ENT for short, is the surgical subspecialty that focuses on diseases of the head and neck region which includes the vocal cords, nose, sinuses, ears, thyroid and parathyroid as well as head and neck cancers.

耳鼻喉科（簡稱 ENT）是專門處理頭頸部疾病的外科次專科，包括聲帶、鼻子、鼻竇、耳朵、甲狀腺和副甲狀腺，以及頭頸部癌症。

ENT is a five year residency and one of the most competitive specialties you can pursue as the lifestyle is excellent.

耳鼻喉科的住院醫師訓練為期五年，是您可以追求的競爭最激烈專科之一，因為生活方式很不錯。

Not only can you make 489k a year, your work life balance is more relaxed so you can actually spend time with your family.

您不僅一年可以賺取 489,000 美元，工作與生活的平衡也更輕鬆，讓您能真正花時間陪伴家人。

You can also divide your time between the clinic and the or, which is rare for surgical specialties.

您也可以在診間和手術室之間分配時間，這在外科專科中比較少見。

Clinic days will have regular nine to five hours and or days can either be half days or full 12 hour days if you're dealing with more complex cases.

診間日會有固定的朝九晚五時間，而手術室日則可以是半天，或是處理較複雜的病例時長達 12 小時。

After ENT residency you can further specialize into a number of different fellowships including laryngology which focuses on the voice, swallowing and airway related concerns including taking care of trachs, esophageal dilation for swallowing and vocal cord procedures such as injections, medialization implants, re innervations or resections rhinology which is primarily focused on sinus surgery dealing with everything from deviated septums to removing diseased segments with micro debridement, addressing invasive and non invasive fungal sinus infections and helping neurosurgeons with skull based tumors and pituitary approaches and neurotology, which deals with the incredibly small structures of the middle and inner ear, cholesteatomas and tympanic membrane perforations.

完成耳鼻喉科住院醫師訓練後，您可以進一步專攻許多不同的次專科，包括：喉科學，專注於聲音、吞嚥和呼吸道相關問題，包括照護氣切、食道擴張以處理吞嚥問題，以及聲帶手術，例如注射、內移植入物、神經再支配或切除；鼻科學，主要專注於鼻腔手術，處理從鼻中膈彎曲到以微創刮除術移除病變組織，處理侵襲性和非侵襲性的鼻腔真菌感染，並協助神經外科醫師處理顱底腫瘤和腦下垂體入路；以及神經耳科學，處理中耳和內耳極小的結構、膽脂瘤和鼓膜穿孔。

They also work alongside neurosurgeons for schwannomas and brain tumors.

他們也與神經外科醫師合作處理神經鞘瘤和腦腫瘤。

Urologists are surgeons of the urogenital tract, which includes the kidneys, bladder, prostate, ureters, urethra, testes and more.

泌尿科醫師是泌尿生殖系統的外科醫師，包括腎臟、膀胱、前列腺、輸尿管、尿道、睪丸等。

Urology can also cover sexual function, fertility, urinary continence and gender identity, although some believe urologists simply cure STIs.

泌尿科也涵蓋性功能、生育、尿失禁和性別認同，儘管有些人認為泌尿科醫師只治療性病。

All day urology residency involves demanding surgical training with making these surgeons experts at operating on a number of different structures within the pelvis.

整天的泌尿科住院醫師訓練涉及嚴謹的手術訓練，讓這些醫師成為操作骨盆內多種不同結構的專家。

Urology residency takes five or six years depending on the program and the residency has its own match as opposed to the nrmp.

泌尿科住院醫師訓練為期五年或六年，視計畫而定，且住院醫師訓練有自己的配對系統，而非 NRMP。

After completing a urology residency, you can further subspecialize with a one or two year fellowship.

完成泌尿科住院醫師訓練後，您可以透過一到兩年的研究員訓練進一步專攻次專科。

Some of those options include andrology, which focuses on infertility and sexual dysfunction disorders in men endourology, which deals with some of the most complicated urology cases out there with minimally invasive approaches using a certain surgical robot.

其中一些選項包括：男性學，專注於男性的不孕症和性功能障礙；內視鏡泌尿學，利用特定的手術機器人，以微創方式處理一些最複雜的泌尿科病例。

Uro Oncology where you'll be specializing in the minutiae of urological cancers.

泌尿腫瘤學，您將在此專攻泌尿道癌症的細微之處。

The work life balance of a urologist has much to offer as you'll only be working 40 to 60 hour weeks and still be clearing 506k a year.

泌尿科醫師的工作生活平衡相當不錯，您每週工作 40 到 60 小時，年收入仍可達 50.6 萬美元。

Vascular surgery is the surgical management of veins and arteries in every part of the body besides the heart and brain.

心血管外科是針對心臟和腦部以外身體各部位的靜脈和動脈進行的外科治療。

The wide range of conditions they treat include aortic aneurysms, blood clots, carotid artery disease, thrombosis, varicose veins and more common procedures include a range of open surgeries and minimally invasive procedures such as angioplasty and stenting, aortic aneurysm repair or arterial or venous bypass surgery.

他們治療的廣泛病症包括主動脈瘤、血栓、頸動脈疾病、血栓形成、靜脈曲張等，更常見的手術包括各種開放式手術和微創手術，如血管成形術和支架置入術、主動脈瘤修復術或動脈或靜脈繞道手術。

Vascular surgery residency typically lasts five years if you match directly into the specialty.

如果您直接配對到心血管外科專科，其住院醫師訓練通常為期五年。

However, you can also pursue vascular surgery after general surgery as a fellowship option, which brings training up to six to seven years.

不過，您也可以在一般外科之後，透過研究員訓練來選擇心血管外科，這樣訓練時間會延長到六到七年。

It's another challenging surgical specialty as vascular surgeons must be on call and work both long and odd hours, including weekends.

這是另一個具挑戰性的外科專科，因為心血管外科醫師必須輪值，並長時間且不規律地工作，包括週末。

Although they make $558k a year, the work life balance of vascular surgeons frequently has to take a backseat.

儘管他們年收入達 55.8 萬美元，但心血管外科醫師的工作生活平衡經常需要退居其次。

There are many other surgical subspecialties that do not have a dedicated residency program.

有許多其他外科次專科沒有專門的住院醫師訓練計畫。

Instead, you must match into and complete a general surgery residency, which takes five to seven years, and

您必須配對並完成一般外科住院醫師訓練，這需要五到七年，

pursue the corresponding fellowship afterward.

之後再進修相應的研究員訓練。

Let's go over those career paths Colorectal surgery focuses on the surgical treatment of disorders of the lower digestive tract, including the anus, rectum and colon.

讓我們來看看這些職涯路徑。大腸直腸外科專攻消化道下游的疾病之外科治療，包含肛門、直腸和大腸。

Colorectal surgeons perform a wide range of surgeries, operating on everything from hemorrhoids to diverticulitis to cancer.

大腸直腸外科醫師執行各式各樣的手術，從痔瘡、憩室炎到癌症都有。

The colorectal surgery fellowship lasts one year.

大腸直腸外科的研究員訓練為期一年。

These surgeons typically make 446k a year, enjoy a decent work life balance, and

這些外科醫師年收入約 44.6 萬美元，工作生活平衡不錯，而且

are very comfortable working around poop.

Cardiothoracic surgery is the surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax, also known as the chest cavity, such as the heart, lungs, aorta, esophagus and diaphragm.

胸腔外科是胸腔內器官的外科治療，也就是胸腔，例如心臟、肺臟、主動脈、食道和橫膈膜。

These surgeons perform valve replacements to replace impaired heart valves, coronary artery bypass grafts, also known as cabg, to reduce plaque buildup in heart vessels and lung resections to remove lung cancer.

這些外科醫師執行瓣膜置換術來替換受損的心臟瓣膜，冠狀動脈繞道手術（也稱為 CABG）來減少心臟血管的斑塊堆積，以及肺葉切除術來移除肺癌。

They can also perform lung and heart transplants.

他們也能執行肺臟和心臟移植。

It should be noted that this specialty can be broken down into cardiac, thoracic or or cardiothoracic surgery.

值得注意的是，這個專科可以細分為心臟外科、胸腔外科或心胸外科。

After completing their CT surgery training, physicians can choose to specialize in cardiac surgery focusing on the heart and aorta, or thoracic surgery, focusing on the lung, esophagus, ribs and other structures in the thorax.

完成心胸外科訓練後，醫師可以選擇專攻心臟外科，專注於心臟和主動脈，或是胸腔外科，專注於肺臟、食道、肋骨及胸腔內其他結構。

However, they can also choose to remain generalized, operating in both cardiac and thoracic domains.

不過，他們也可以選擇繼續廣泛執業，同時處理心臟和胸腔的相關手術。

For your academic or urban hospital, you'll likely specialize in cardiac or thoracic.

在學術型或都會型醫院，你很可能會專攻心臟外科或胸腔外科。

CT surgery is a specialty with a very difficult lifestyle.

心胸外科是一個生活型態相當艱難的專科。

CABG operations can last anywhere from four to eight hours.

CABG 手術通常需要四到八小時。

If complications arise, it could result in a procedure lasting up to 12 hours.

如果出現併發症，手術時間可能會延長到十二小時。

While there's not much of a work life balance, these surgeons also make a whopping $707,000 a year.

雖然工作與生活平衡不大，但這些外科醫師一年也能賺進驚人的 707,000 美元。

The hepatopancreatobiliary surgery specialty, or HPB for short, focuses on the surgical treatment of benign and malignant diseases of the liver and pancreas and biliary system.

肝胰膽外科專科，簡稱 HPB，專門處理肝臟、胰臟和膽道系統的良性和惡性疾病的外科治療。

As the tongue twisting name suggests, hepato stands for liver, pancreato stands for pancreas, and

正如這個拗口的名稱所示，hepato 代表肝臟，pancreato 代表胰臟，

The procedures performed by HPB surgeons involve removing tumors from the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile duct, and

HPB 外科醫師執行手術，包含移除肝臟、胰臟、膽囊和膽管的腫瘤，

these surgeries are some of the most complex.

A HPB fellowship is typically two years in length and that's on top of five years of general surgery residency.

HPB 的研究員訓練通常為期兩年，這是在五年一般外科住院醫師訓練之外。

Endocrine surgery requires a one year fellowship and focuses on the surgical treatment of the endocrine glands, including the adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, glands of the endocrine pancreas and some neuroendocrine glands.

內分泌外科需要一年的研究員訓練，專注於內分泌腺體的

Endocrine surgeons have a great lifestyle as there aren't many emergencies on call and you'll have more reasonable working hours.

內分泌外科醫師的生活品質很棒，因為值班時不太有緊急狀況，工作時間也比較合理。

Trauma primarily deals with patients who have undergone a physical injury, often in an acute setting.

外傷主要處理遭受身體損傷的病患，通常是在急診情況下。

To become a trauma surgeon, you'll need a one to two year fellowship in traumatology, surgical, critical care or emergency surgery.

要成為外傷外科醫師，你需要在一到兩年的外傷學、外科、重症照護或急診手術研究員訓練。

This specialty combines the best of both worlds.

While you'll deal with high intensity surgeries and traumas can occur at any time of the day, trauma surgery typically runs on a shift type schedule.

雖然你會處理高強度的手術，創傷也可能在一天中的任何時間發生，但外傷外科通常是輪班制。