Name: 多佛爾城堡 - 通往英格蘭的鑰匙 (Dover Castle — The Key to England)
Uploaded: 2025-08-02T17:52:20.000Z
Duration: 9 min 20 s

基礎被動語態

Dover Castle was christened the key to England.

多佛爾城堡被譽為英格蘭的鑰匙。

未來進行式

Today we're going to be finding out how it earned that title.

今天，我們就來看看它是如何贏得這一稱號的。

情態副詞

I'm Paul and I'm a historian at English Heritage and we're going to be exploring some areas newly opened to the public.

我叫保羅，是英格蘭遺產的歷史學家，我們將探索一些新近向公眾開放的區域。

You may have heard of King John and Magna Carta and the barons that rebelled against him.

您可能聽說過約翰國王和《大憲章》以及反抗他的男爵們。

But did you know it was all part of a great civil war that raged across England between 1215 and 1217?

但你知道嗎，這一切都是 1215 至 1217 年間肆虐整個英格蘭的大內戰的一部分。

The rebels invited a French prince, Louis the Lion, and an army to England to help them.

叛軍邀請法國王子獅子路易和一支軍隊前往英格蘭幫助他們。

Dover Castle played a key role in that conflict, successfully resisting two great sieges when Louis and his army tried to smash their way in.

多佛爾城堡在這場衝突中發揮了關鍵作用，當路易和他的軍隊試圖攻入城堡時，多佛爾城堡成功抵禦了兩次大圍攻。

But siege was a risky business and good preparations were the key to success for both sides.

但是，圍城是一項冒險的行動，良好的準備工作是雙方成功的關鍵。

For the attackers, siege meant getting into this, a terrifying prospect.

對攻擊者來說，圍困意味著進入這個可怕的前景。

They needed to make thorough preparations, lots of weapons and ammunition, lots of food, and specialist engineers with catapults to smash their way in or miners to dig their way underneath.

他們需要做充分的準備，需要大量的武器彈藥、大量的食物，還需要專業的工程師用彈射器砸進去，或用礦工從下面挖出來。

Whatever way they tried, it must have been a terrifying prospect.

不管他們用什麼辦法，前景一定很可怕。

The basic idea of an attacking force during a siege was to get into the castle, so they might go over it, through it or under it.

在攻城戰中，進攻部隊的基本想法是進入城堡，是以他們可能會越過城堡、穿過城堡或從城堡下面進入。

To do that, they might have a large force of men equipped with ladders who would try to storm the wall and climb over it, or they would use their siege catapults to batter the wall and make a hole.

要做到這一點，他們可能會派出一支裝備有梯子的大部隊，試圖衝過城牆，翻越城牆，或者使用攻城彈射器撞擊城牆，打出一個洞來。

Finally, they could use miners to dig underneath it, undermine the wall and make it come crashing down, leaving a gap large enough for a determined force of soldiers to force their way in.

最後，他們可以利用礦工在牆下挖掘，破壞牆體，使其轟然倒塌，留下一個足夠大的缺口，讓堅定的阿兵哥部隊強行進入。

For the defenders of the castle, preparations meant a huge supply of food and ammunition.

對於城堡的守軍來說，準備工作意味著大量的食物和彈藥供應。

They would have to make it last a long time because sieges sometimes last months.

他們必須讓圍城持續很長時間，因為圍城有時會持續幾個月。

They also needed a massive supply of weapons and ammunition, so lots of arrows, darts and stalls, and they needed their own siege catapults to smash those of the enemy.

他們還需要大量的武器和彈藥，是以需要大量的箭、飛鏢和投石機，他們還需要自己的攻城彈射器來粉碎敵人的彈射器。

It was a case of who could last the longest.

Siege catapults and how they worked are really interesting, and we have some here at Dover, so let's go and have a look at some.

攻城彈射器及其工作原理非常有趣，多佛爾就有一些，讓我們去看看吧。

Here we are at Dover Castle's new themed play area.

這裡是多佛爾城堡的新主題遊樂區。

You've probably heard a little bit about catapults.

Catapults were the engines that used to fire things at people, the artillery, before the invention of gunpowder weapons or cannon.

在火藥武器或大炮發明之前，投石器是用來向人們發射東西的引擎，也就是火炮。

You wouldn't want to be anywhere near them.

The main aim was to actually fire stones over the castle wall to smash buildings and to kill people, but also sometimes what they would do would target the base of the castle wall, repeatedly hitting the same spot so that eventually the wall would collapse and the enemy soldiers could storm into the castle.

他們的主要目的是在城牆上投擲石塊，砸毀建築物並殺死人，但有時他們也會瞄準城牆的底部，反覆擊中同一個地方，最終使城牆倒塌，讓敵軍阿兵哥衝進城堡。

Behind me is a replica of a small siege engine called a Perrier.

在我身後，是一臺名為 "佩里爾 "的小型攻城引擎的複製品。

It's one long arm that pivoted about a point, three ropes at one end on this version.

它是一個長臂，圍繞一個點轉動，這個版本的一端有三根繩索。

The people pulled down on it, rotated the arm, at the other end of which was the sling containing a large stone.

人們拉住它，轉動手臂，手臂的另一端是裝有一塊大石頭的吊索。

We've left the sling off this one, because believe me, you wouldn't want to be on the receiving end of this little beauty.

我們沒有使用吊索，因為相信我，你不會想成為這個小美人的獵物。

The Perrier had a big brother called a trebuchet.

Perrier 還有一個大哥大，叫做 Trebuchet。

It substituted people power with a huge counterweight that did the work of firing.

它用一個巨大的配重取代了人民的力量，而配重的作用就是開火。

So just imagine being a soldier here all those years ago, looking out at those trebuchets firing at you and thinking, am I going to survive this?

想象一下，多年前你是這裡的一名阿兵哥，望著那些向你開火的高射炮，你會想，我還能活下來嗎？

Well, the castle did survive, but it was severely damaged.

城堡確實倖存了下來，但遭到了嚴重破壞。

In fact, the north gate just behind me was partially brought down.

事實上，就在我身後的北門有一部分被推倒了。

So if your castle was badly damaged during a siege, you'd want to do something about it.

是以，如果您的城堡在攻城戰中遭到嚴重破壞，您一定會想辦法解決。

So for about 15 years afterwards, a huge amount of money was spent and a massive effort was made to make the castle secure.

是以，在此後的大約 15 年裡，人們花費了大量的資金和精力來確保城堡的安全。

That included blocking the old north gate and making new entrances further south in a more secure position in the castle.

這包括封鎖舊的北門，並在城堡更安全的位置向南建造新的入口。

Those repairs really helped, but it still left an area outside the old north gate of the castle vulnerable to attack.

這些修繕工作確實起到了很大的作用，但城堡老北門外的一片區域仍然很容易受到攻擊。

So the defenders repaired the Barbican there, but it was reached not by a bridge as it had been, but by a tunnel.

是以，守軍修復了那裡的巴比肯橋，但不是像以前那樣通過一座橋，而是通過一條隧道。

Yes, I said a tunnel dug from inside the castle underneath the castle wall, across the castle ditch and onto the Barbican, where it divided into three right here.

是的，我說的是一條從城堡內挖出的隧道，隧道從城堡牆下穿過，穿過城堡壕溝，一直通到巴比肯，隧道在這裡抽成三段。

I'm standing in it now, and you can too, walking in the footsteps of generations of soldiers here at Dover Castle.

我現在就站在這裡，你也可以踏著一代代阿兵哥的足跡來到多佛爾城堡。

Dover Castle remained an important place into the 20th century, but it had to be adapted for new weapons and new technology.

直到 20 世紀，多佛爾城堡仍然是一個重要的地方，但它必須根據新武器和新技術進行調整。

By the end of the 18th century, Dover Castle could no longer withstand a modern force equipped with powerful artillery to smash the old walls.

到 18 世紀末，多佛爾城堡已經無法抵擋配備了強大火炮的現代軍隊對古老城牆的轟擊。

And so began a period of change, when the old castle was transformed into a modern fortress, defended by a strong force of men, equipped with bomb-proof barracks and ramparts, a huge store of gunpowder and hundreds of cannon.

於是，一個變革時期開始了，古老的城堡變成了一座現代化的要塞，由一支強大的部隊防守，配備有防彈營房和城牆、大量火藥和數百門大炮。

The medieval tunnel to the Barbican, renamed the Spur, was transformed by incorporating all sorts of tricks and traps, including remotely closing doors and falling doors, so that the enemy could be trapped if they managed to break in.

通往巴比肯廣場的中世紀隧道被重新命名為 "尖刺"（Spur），隧道內設置了各種機關和陷阱，包括遙控關門和墜門，這樣敵人一旦闖入就會被困住。

Here, the medieval bridge that crossed the castle ditch to the Barbican was converted into a copper bridge.

在這裡，橫跨城堡溝渠通往巴比肯的中世紀橋樑被改建成了一座銅橋。

A small but powerful cannon could fire hundreds of small shots to saturate the ditch with fire, in case the enemy managed to break in.

一門小而有力的大炮可以發射數百發小炮彈，使壕溝內的火力達到飽和，以防敵人成功突入。

The defences here were cleverly designed and would have been really unexpected.

這裡的防禦設計巧妙，確實出乎意料。

So let's now go outside and see what the enemy would have faced.

現在，讓我們到外面去看看敵人會面對什麼。

We're finally here, outside at the northern tip of Dover Castle.

我們終於到了，就在多佛爾城堡北端的外面。

Formidable even today, with layer upon layer of defences stacked behind me.

即使在今天，我身後的防禦也是層層疊疊，令人望而生畏。

So just imagine you're a soldier in the front rank of a force about to attack the castle.

所以，想象一下，你是一名即將攻打城堡的前排阿兵哥。

You're probably really worried because you don't know what to expect.

你可能真的很擔心，因為你不知道會發生什麼。

You'd also be under fire in the medieval period, with arrows and crossbow darts, in the 18th and 19th century, under cannon fire and musket shot.

在中世紀，你也會受到弓箭和弩矢的射擊，在 18 和 19 世紀，你會受到大炮和火槍的射擊。

And then, just when you're not expecting it, a group of well-armed soldiers suddenly emerge from a tunnel that you didn't know was there.

然後，就在你意想不到的時候，一群全副武裝的阿兵哥突然從你不知道的隧道里衝了出來。

是逃跑的時候，還是戰鬥的時候

Assaulting any castle was pretty difficult, but this one was almost impossible.

攻打任何一座城堡都相當困難，但這座城堡幾乎是不可能的。

And that's why Dover Castle was known as the key to England.

是以，多佛爾城堡被稱為英格蘭的鑰匙。