Name: 思想史 - 儀式 (HISTORY OF IDEAS - Rituals)
Uploaded: 2025-06-18T17:19:01.000Z
Duration: 13 min 12 s

關係子句

One of the things that most strongly differentiates modern from traditional societies is the business of rituals.

現代社會與傳統社會最顯著的區別之一就是儀式。

Broadly speaking, modern ones have very few of them, traditional ones have a lot of them.

概括地說，現代的很少，傳統的很多。

It's a periodic invitation by your society, typically by its religion, to come together with other people for an event that marks an occasion, often of an underlying spiritual or psychological nature.

這是你所在的社會，通常是其宗教，定期邀請你與其他人一起參加某項活動，以紀念某個時刻，通常具有潛在的精神或心理性質。

Perhaps it's the start of the year, the birthday of a god, a day to apologise, or a moment to feel grateful for springtime or the love of now-dead relatives.

也許是一年的開始，也許是神靈的生日，也許是道歉的日子，也許是對春光或已故親人的愛心懷感激的時刻。

And so you dance, say some rather formal words, eat an unusual food or wear special clothes.

是以，你會跳舞，說一些比較正式的話，吃一些不尋常的食物，或者穿一些特別的衣服。

And by doing all this, you are somehow helped, purged in some way, helped to grow, transitioned to a new stage, reconnected to an important idea or guided to inner peace.

通過這一切，你會得到某種幫助，以某種方式得到淨化，幫助你成長，過渡到一個新的階段，與一個重要的想法重新建立聯繫，或者引導你獲得內心的平靜。

What marks out modern societies is how ruthlessly they've stripped back rituals, largely because they get in the way of making money.

現代社會的顯著特徵是無情地廢除儀式，這主要是因為儀式妨礙了賺錢。

To generalise, when societies become modern, rituals drop out of the calendar and the main focus starts to be private and work life, and not much in between.

概括地說，當社會變得現代化時，儀式就會從日曆中消失，人們開始關注私人生活和工作，而很少關注兩者之間的關係。

A key part of understanding our own times is therefore to grasp the history of rituals, what they have been, where they've gone and in what ways we might be missing them today.

是以，瞭解我們這個時代的一個關鍵部分就是要掌握儀式的歷史，它們曾經是什麼，去了哪裡，以及我們今天可能在哪些方面錯過了它們。

It's the first day of a three-day celebration known as the Saturnalia, a ritual festival in honour of Saturn, Roman god of wealth and agriculture.

今天是為期三天的 "土星節 "慶祝活動的第一天。"土星節 "是為紀念羅馬財富之神和農業之神土星而舉行的儀式性節日。

The Saturnalia is a time of ecstatic release and exuberance.

農神節是一個欣喜若狂、盡情釋放的節日。

The Roman poet Catullus describes the occasion as the best of times.

羅馬詩人卡圖盧斯將這一時刻描述為最美好的時光。

All the normal social codes and rules are temporarily put on hold or turned upside down.

所有正常的社會規範和規則都被暫時擱置或顛覆。

Masters are expected to look after their slaves and parents to obey their children.

主人要照顧奴隸，父母要服從子女。

Slaves can even insult and poke fun at their masters with complete impunity.

奴隸甚至可以肆無忌憚地侮辱和取笑主人。

Important magistrates and public officials wear colourful, sometimes on their heads.

重要的地方行政長官和政府官員都戴著彩色的帽子，有時還戴在頭上。

You're meant to shout EO Saturnalia at strangers when you pass them in the street.

當你在街上與陌生人擦肩而過時，你應該對他們大喊 "EO Saturnalia"。

Married couples can have affairs and no one is meant to be unduly upset.

已婚夫婦可以有外遇，沒有人會是以而過分難過。

Women can make the first move on men or sleep with one another.

女人可以對男人先下手為強，也可以互相上床。

There are orgies and you can gamble and drink as much as you like.

這裡有狂歡，你可以盡情地賭博和喝酒。

Then, after three days of fun, everything comes to a stern halt and order is restored, but life feels a lot less bitter and oppressive.

然後，在玩樂了三天之後，一切都戛然而止，秩序恢復，但生活卻少了許多苦澀和壓抑。

The slave is back to his dinner duties, but the memory of having called his master a shit lightens his burdens.

奴隸又開始了他的晚餐工作，但一想起曾罵主人是狗屎，他的負擔就減輕了。

The mistress of the house is back to putting up with her boorish husband, but the two nights with her hairdresser make his sarcasm and dullness, importantly, more bearable.

女主人又開始忍受她那粗野的丈夫，但與她的理髮師共度的兩個夜晚讓她更能忍受他的諷刺和沉悶。

Across Rome, a great many people can't wait for the 17th of December to roll around again.

在羅馬，很多人都迫不及待地等待著 12 月 17 日的到來。

Alexandria, Egypt, 10th day of Tishrei, 969 AD.

公元 969 年提斯雷月 10 日，埃及亞歷山大。

It's shortly after the beginning of the Jewish New Year, in one of the thriving centres of Jewish life, under the protection of benevolent Arab rule.

猶太新年剛過不久，在阿拉伯仁慈統治的保護下，這裡是猶太人生活的繁華中心之一。

The Day of Atonement, or Yom Kippur, is a solemn and critical event in the Hebrew calendar.

贖罪日或贖罪日是希伯來日曆中莊嚴而重要的事件。

Leviticus instructs that on this date all Jews must set aside their usual family and commercial activities and mentally review their actions over the preceding year, identifying all those whom they have hurt or behaved unjustly towards.

利未記》規定，在這一天，所有猶太人都必須放下平時的家庭和商業活動，認真回顧自己在過去一年中的所作所為，找出所有曾經傷害過或對其有不公正行為的人。

The ritual festival is kicked off by the blowing of a shofar, a hollowed-out ram's horn.

儀式節以吹響 "shofar "拉開序幕。"shofar "是一種掏空的公羊號角。

Then, together in a synagogue, the Jewish community repeat in prayer, we have sinned, we have acted treacherously.

然後，猶太社區在會堂裡一起重複祈禱：我們有罪，我們的行為背信棄義。

They then seek out those whom they have frustrated, angered, discarded casually or otherwise betrayed, and offer them their fullest contrition.

然後，他們會去尋找那些曾經讓他們感到沮喪、憤怒、隨意丟棄或以其他方式背叛過的人，並向他們表示最誠摯的懺悔。

This is God's will and a rare opportunity for blanket forgiveness.

這是上帝的旨意，也是一次難得的全面寬恕的機會。

All the people are in fault, says the prayer, and so may all the of Israel be forgiven, including all the strangers who live in their midst.

祈禱者說，所有的人都有過錯，所以願所有的以色列人都能得到寬恕，包括生活在他們中間的所有陌生人。

The Day of Atonement has the immense advantage of making the idea of saying sorry look like it came from somewhere else, neither the idea of the perpetrator nor of the victim.

贖罪日有一個巨大的優勢，那就是讓說 "對不起 "的想法看起來像是來自別處，既不是肇事者的想法，也不是受害者的想法。

Under the assumed eye of a benevolent God, it allows everyone a chance to make a clean break and move on.

在仁慈的上帝的假定注視下，它讓每個人都有機會一雪前恥，繼續前進。

As one of the five pillars of Islam, fasting is obligatory for virtually all Muslims, requiring abstinence from sex as well as smoking, swearing and violence.

作為伊斯蘭教的五大支柱之一，齋戒幾乎是所有穆斯林的義務，同時還要求禁慾、禁菸、禁說髒話和禁暴力。

Fasting is believed to cleanse the soul by removing from it worldly concerns and focusing on God alone.

人們相信，齋戒可以淨化靈魂，消除世俗的煩惱，只專注於上帝。

It is admired as a way to teach self-discipline, self-control and empathy for those less fortunate.

它被視為一種教導自律、自我控制和同情不幸者的方式，因而備受推崇。

Adherence to Ramadan will provide strength and spiritual growth for the upcoming year.

堅持齋月將為來年提供力量和精神成長。

Ramadan gives vital encouragement to an enduring human desire, the wish to start afresh, reform oneself and lead a better life henceforth.

齋月是對人類永恆願望的重要鼓勵，即重新開始、自我改造和過上更美好生活的願望。

But rather than these ambitions being left to the individual alone, Islam wisely creates a collective moment to strengthen the will and it finds a fitting physical activity to support what is at heart a spiritual endeavour.

但是，伊斯蘭教並沒有把這些雄心壯志留給個人，而是明智地創造了一個集體的時刻來加強意志，並找到了一種合適的體育活動來支持本質上屬於精神層面的努力。

Gazelle Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, 1652.

羚羊半島，巴巴新幾內亞，1652 年。

A mother has come to visit her adult daughter and grandchildren for a few weeks in a village community of the Baining tribe.

一位母親來到貝寧部落的一個村落社區，探望她的成年女兒和孫子，為期幾周。

There is sadness all around and the mother and her guide head off through thickly forested hills.

四周一片悲傷，母親和嚮導穿過森林茂密的山丘。

It may be a long time till mother and daughter will see each other again.

母女倆可能要很久才能再見面。

The Baining have developed a special word to describe the feeling that can come over you when a friend or relative you love has left.

貝寧夫婦用一個特殊的詞來形容當你所愛的朋友或親人離開時的那種感覺。

Symptoms of Awambuk include sleeping in, losing a sense of purpose and an inclination to burst into tears.

Awambuk 的症狀包括睡懶覺、失去目標感和容易流淚。

But the Baining have also developed an accompanying ritual to deal with the sadness of Awambuk.

不過，拜寧人也發展出了一種伴隨儀式，以應對 Awambuk 的悲傷。

The people who have been left are granted three days during which they are not expected to do any gardening or hunting.

被留下的人有三天時間不能從事任何園藝或狩獵活動。

Everyone is supposed to behave very gently around them.

在他們身邊，每個人都應該表現得非常溫和。

Then, on the third day, the sufferers have to leave a coconut shell of water on the verandah of their house.

然後，在第三天，患者必須在家裡的陽臺上放一個裝水的椰子殼。

And with a few ritual words they then throw the water out into the garden, thereby purging their emotions and signalling a return to active life.

然後，他們用幾句儀式性的話語將水潑灑到花園裡，以此淨化情緒，預示著迴歸積極的生活。

The ritual of Awambuk is similar to mourning rituals all over the world.

Awambuk 的儀式與世界各地的哀悼儀式相似。

It legitimates what might otherwise be a guilty or confused melancholy, it gives sadness a shape and a direction, it demarcates a time for it and then gently creates a moment when we are meant to overcome it and rejoin the group.

它使原本可能是內疚或困惑的憂傷合法化，它賦予憂傷以形狀和方向，它為憂傷劃定了時間，然後溫柔地創造一個時刻，讓我們克服憂傷，重新融入集體。

It is the Jewish festival of Birkat Ilanot, which dictates that at the time of the first blossom, the community will gather outdoors by some trees and flowers in bloom to appreciate the beauty of nature and honour the generosity of its creator.

這一天是猶太教的 Birkat Ilanot 節，根據該節日的規定，每當百花盛開的時候，社區居民都會聚集在戶外的花草樹木旁，欣賞大自然的美景，向造物主的慷慨致敬。

In the company of a rabbi, Jews recite a ritual prayer from the Talmud honouring the hand that made the blossom.

在拉比的陪伴下，猶太人誦讀《塔木德經》中的祈禱文，向創造花朵的手錶示敬意。

Blessed are you, Lord, our God, King of the universe, who didn't leave a single thing lacking in his world, filling it with the finest creatures and trees, so as to give pleasure to all of mankind.

主啊，我們的上帝，宇宙之王，你是有福的，你沒有讓他的世界缺少一樣東西，你用最好的生物和樹木填滿了他的世界，讓全人類都能享受到快樂。

Two thousand kilometres to the west, an English poet is also struck by the beauty of spring and wants to express his enthusiasm and gratitude.

在兩千公里之外的西方，一位英國詩人也被春天的美景所震撼，想要表達他的熱情和感激之情。

I heard a thousand blended notes while in a grove I sat reclined, writes William Wordsworth in the opening stanza of his Lines Written in Early Spring of 1798.

1798 年，威廉-華茲華斯在其《寫於早春的詩行》開篇寫道："當我躺坐在小樹林裡時，我聽到了無數混合的音符。

Both the Jewish community and the poet appreciate springtime, but the poet is not interested in ritualising his feelings.

猶太社區和詩人都欣賞春天，但詩人對儀式化的情感並不感興趣。

He is emblematic of a new age known as Romanticism, which believes in leaving people to feel things at their own pace, at a time of their choosing.

他是被稱為浪漫主義的新時代的代表人物，浪漫主義主張讓人們按照自己的節奏，在自己選擇的時間去感受事物。

Religious belief is in decline across Europe and for many, rituals are tainted by being associated with the supernatural.

整個歐洲的宗教信仰都在衰退，對許多人來說，宗教儀式因與超自然聯繫在一起而蒙上了汙點。

Even in the hands of religions, rituals have been guardians of very important states of mind that would otherwise be crushed or neglected.

即使在宗教中，儀式也是非常重要的精神狀態的守護者，否則這些精神狀態就會被粉碎或被忽視。

A book of poetry is in the end a hushed object in a noisy world, whereas a ritual protects emotions to which we are sincerely inclined, but which, without a degree of fabrication and structure, we might be too distracted and undisciplined to make time for.

一本詩集歸根結底是喧鬧世界中的安靜之物，而一種儀式則保護著我們真誠嚮往的情感，但如果沒有一定程度的編排和結構，我們可能會心不在焉、毫無節制，無法抽出時間。

London October 1834 James Paterson, the Governor of the Bank of England, cuts annual national or so-called bank holidays to just four a year.

倫敦 1834 年 10 月 英格蘭銀行行長詹姆斯-帕特森（James Paterson）將每年的國定假日或所謂的銀行假日減少到每年只有 4 天。

Only three years earlier, the English Bank, like many English businesses, had been closed for thirty-six days a year to make room for all sorts of traditional ritual festivals up and down the land.

就在三年前，英格蘭銀行和許多英格蘭企業一樣，每年都要關閉三十六天，以便為英格蘭各地的各種傳統儀式節日騰出空間。

The bank's drive to slash holidays is typical of a hundred-year-long process that begins in the late eighteenth century.

銀行削減節假日的舉措是始於十八世紀末的長達百年的典型過程。

The Industrial Revolution has made it deeply inconvenient for employers to let their workers take holidays to mark this or that ritual.

工業革命給僱主帶來了極大的不便，使他們無法讓工人放假來舉行這樣或那樣的儀式。

The collective purification of the soul is of no interest to employers.

靈魂的集體淨化對僱主來說毫無益處。

It's something you can do in your own time.

這是你可以在自己的時間裡做的事情。

There are even suggestions to put an end to Christmas and Easter, which together cost industry a fortune.

甚至還有人建議取消聖誕節和復活節，因為這兩個節日加在一起會給工業帶來巨大損失。

Nuremberg, Germany August 30, 1933 Adolf Hitler leads the Rally of Victory. 700,000 people are in attendance.

德國紐倫堡 1933 年 8 月 30 日 阿道夫-希特勒上司勝利集會。70 萬人參加了集會。

People sing martial songs, Wagner blasts from speakers, there are banners of swastikas, torchlight parades and thousands of soldiers goose-stepping.

人們唱著軍歌，揚聲器裡傳出瓦格納的歌聲，到處是卐字橫幅、火炬遊行和成千上萬走著鵝步的阿兵哥。

To engender a sense of fraternity, flags are ritualistically touched against a blood-soaked flag from Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923.

為了喚起人們的博愛之情，國旗與 1923 年 11 月希特勒啤酒館政變時沾滿鮮血的旗幟進行了儀式性的接觸。

Hitler speaks for hours on racial supremacy, German art and architecture and an international Jewish conspiracy threatening to bring down the Aryan race.

希特勒滔滔不絕地講述了種族至上主義、德國藝術和建築，以及威脅要消滅雅利安種族的國際猶太陰謀。

Behaviour like this hastens the modern suspicion of any ritual behaviour.

這樣的行為加速了現代人對任何儀式行為的懷疑。

Collective activity and excitement start to become ever more eerie, mob-like and out of sync with an individualistic age.

集體活動和興奮開始變得越來越陰森恐怖，像暴民一樣，與個人主義時代格格不入。

London, July 30, 1966 96,000 people, including the Queen of England, take their seats inside Wembley Stadium to watch England defeat West Germany in the World Cup final. 32 million people are watching on TV.

1966 年 7 月 30 日，倫敦，包括英國女王在內的 96000 人在溫布利球場入座，觀看英格蘭隊在世界盃決賽中擊敗西德隊的比賽。3200 萬人通過電視觀看了比賽。

The picture of England captain Bobby Moore hoisting the trophy is immortalised by a statue in East London, while the ball is canonised in a special museum in Manchester.

英格蘭隊長博比-摩爾（Bobby Moore）舉起獎盃的照片在倫敦東區的一座雕像中永垂不朽，而獎盃則被存放在曼徹斯特的一座特殊博物館中。

Rituals have continued into the modern age, but they now tend to be around sport, they are very limited in their ambitions and lack a lot of the psychological richness of religious-minded rituals of old.

儀式一直延續到現代，但它們現在往往是圍繞體育運動展開的，它們的目標非常有限，缺乏古代宗教儀式的豐富心理內涵。

Australia, 26 May 2015 The 18th annual Sorry Day is held in Australia when white Australians atone for the removal of 50,000 children from Aboriginal tribes.

2015 年 5 月 26 日，澳洲舉行第 18 屆 "對不起日 "活動，澳洲白人在這一天為從原住民部落帶走 5 萬名兒童贖罪。

The day is a sombre occasion for reflection, with speeches from the Indigenous Australian community and politicians of all stripes.

這一天是進行反思的嚴肅時刻，澳洲土著社區和各派政治家都會發表講話。

However, the day meets with little public enthusiasm and engenders little change.

然而，公眾對這一天的熱情並不高，也沒有帶來什麼變化。

No compensation is awarded, and many feel the day obscures the still prevalent kidnapping of children from Aboriginal families.

沒有任何賠償，許多人認為這一天掩蓋了仍然普遍存在的綁架原住民家庭兒童的現象。

Like so many modern rituals, even ones emphasising important events in a nation's identity, National Sorry Day feels rather placid and in many ways token.

與許多現代儀式一樣，即使是強調一個國家身份的重要事件的儀式，國家抱歉日也讓人感覺相當平和，在許多方面只是象徵性的。

The part of human nature that craved and created rituals has not been eliminated, but it is currently, in many developed societies, quiescent or unfairly tainted by associations with the less admirable sides of religion.

人類天性中渴望並創造儀式的那部分並沒有被消除，但目前在許多發達社會中，這部分天性已經沉寂，或因與宗教不那麼令人欽佩的一面聯繫在一起而受到不公平的玷汙。

So a lot of what we used to do in ritual ways, we now do privately.

是以，我們過去在儀式上做的很多事情，現在都是私下進行的。

We have moments of carnivalesque indulgence, we get drunk, have affairs, say sorry, purge ourselves and feel grateful for existence.

我們有狂歡放縱的時刻，我們酩酊大醉、風流韻事、說對不起、自我淨化，並對存在心存感激。

But we also do so without guidance and therefore our behaviour often lacks boundaries or is half-hearted or colourless.

但是，我們也會在沒有指導的情況下這樣做，是以，我們的行為往往缺乏界限，或半心半意，或毫無色彩。

We have very few collective appointments with important emotions, but perhaps we remain in need of rituals all the same, points in the calendar that help us in our to be sane and kind.

我們很少有與重要情感的集體約會，但也許我們仍然需要儀式感，需要日曆上的節點來幫助我們保持理智和善良。