Name: F-16 失事》什麼是讓飛官瞬間失去方向感的「空間迷向」？ (Spatial Disorientation Explained: Deadly Flight Illusions Every Pilot Must Know)
Uploaded: 2026-01-11T21:01:10.000Z
Duration: 12 min 15 s

Have you ever stood up too fast and felt the room spin for a moment even though you knew you were standing still?

你是否曾經站起來太快，即使知道自己站著不動，卻感覺整個房間旋轉了一下？

Or have you ever closed your eyes on a roller coaster and suddenly lost all sense of up and down?

或者你是否曾在雲霄飛車上閉上眼睛，突然完全分不清上下方向？

That uneasy feeling of your body lying to your brain is exactly what spatial disorientation feels like in the cockpit,

那種身體欺騙大腦的不安感，正是飛行座艙中「空間迷向」的感覺，

只不過是在高空、而且高速之下。

My name is Ray Altman and I'm the chief flight instructor at Epic Flight Academy.

我叫 Ray Altman，是 Epic Flight Academy 的首席飛行教官。

Spatial disorientation is when two of your bodily systems are in disagreeance.

所謂空間迷向，是指身體的感覺系統之間出現衝突。

So we have the vestibular, which is your ears, the optical or your eyes, and

我們有前庭系統（也就是耳朵）、視覺系統（眼睛），以及

then the somatosensory, which is your nerves and feelings essentially.

體感覺系統，也就是神經與身體感受。

So when those two, or at least two of those, are interpreting the world differently,

當其中至少兩個系統對外界的解讀不一致時，

that's when we start feeling spatial disorientation.

A good example for someone who doesn't fly is if you've ever sat in a chair or spun a swing around and then you spin around a bunch and try to get up and walk,

對不飛行的人來說，一個很好的例子是：坐在椅子上或盪鞦韆不停旋轉後，

and you have a hard time finding your balance.

接著站起來走路，卻發現很難保持平衡。

That's a great example of a spatial disorientation moment.

這就是一次典型的空間迷向經驗。

In this video, we will explain what spatial disorientation is, why it happens, how it affects pilots, and

在這支影片中，我們將說明什麼是空間迷向、為何會發生、它如何影響飛行員，

how it affects pilots, and how to prevent it during flight.

以及飛行中該如何預防空間迷向。

Before we begin, make sure you like this video and subscribe to our YouTube channel for more aviation tips and insights from Epic Flight Academy.

開始之前，請記得按讚並訂閱我們的 YouTube 頻道，獲得更多 Epic Flight Academy 的航空知識。

In aviation, spatial orientation is a pilot's ability to accurately sense the aircraft's position, attitude and motion in three-dimensional space.

在航空中，空間定向是指飛行員能準確感知飛機在三度空間中的位置、姿態與運動。

Spatial disorientation occurs when that perception becomes impaired,

就會導致危險的誤判，也就是空間迷向。

Both the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge and the Airplane Flying Handbook identify spatial disorientation as a major aeromedical factor in accident causation.

《飛行員航空知識手冊》與《飛機飛行手冊》都指出，空間迷向是造成事故的重要航空醫學因素。

Spatial disorientation occurs when the brain receives conflicting signals from the body's sensory systems,

當大腦接收到來自身體感覺系統的矛盾訊號時，就會產生空間迷向，

making it difficult to sense true position or movement.

使人難以判斷真實的位置或運動狀態。

Pilots depend on three systems to stay oriented:

飛行員仰賴三大系統來維持方向感：

vision, proprioception from muscles and joints, also known as the somatosensory system, and

視覺、來自肌肉與關節的本體感覺（也就是體感覺系統），以及

Inside the vestibular system, the semicircular canals and otolith organs detect rotation and acceleration.

在前庭系統中，半規管與耳石器官負責感知旋轉與加速度。

In poor visibility such as clouds, darkness or instrument meteorological conditions,

在雲中、黑夜或儀表氣象條件等低能見度環境下，

This sensory conflict, also known as a vestibular mismatch,

這種感覺衝突，也稱為前庭失配，

creates powerful flight illusions like the leans, graveyard spiral or spin coriolis illusion.

會產生強烈的飛行錯覺，例如傾斜錯覺、墓地螺旋或科里奧利錯覺。

Somatogravic and somatogyral illusions, head-up and head-down illusions,

還包括體重加速錯覺、旋轉錯覺、抬頭與低頭錯覺，

the elevator illusion and the dangerous G-excess illusion.

電梯錯覺，以及危險的過度 G 力錯覺。

So spatial disorientation can really catch someone off guard,

因此，空間迷向往往會讓人措手不及，

usually because we don't expect it to happen to yourself potentially.

因為我們通常不會預期它會發生在自己身上。

And it might happen at times that you don't think would cause spatial disorientation.

而且它可能出現在你完全沒想到的情況下。

A lot of times, spatial disorientation is associated with low visibility conditions.

很多時候，人們會把空間迷向與低能見度聯想在一起。

But even on a perfectly visible day, you might have something causing a spatial disorientation event.

但即使在天氣晴朗、視野良好的日子，也可能發生空間迷向。

So, long story short, it can catch people off guard because they just might not expect it to happen to them.

簡單來說，它之所以危險，是因為人們往往沒有預料到它會發生。

夜間飛行則增加了另一層風險。

Runway lighting illusions can distort a pilot's perception of height and distance,

跑道燈光錯覺可能扭曲飛行員對高度與距離的判斷，

leading to approaches that are too high or too low.

Fog is especially dangerous because it can suddenly erase the horizon and ground references.

霧氣特別危險，因為它可能突然抹去地平線與地面參考。

When those visual cues disappear, the brain rapidly loses its primary sense of orientation.

當這些視覺線索消失時，大腦會迅速失去主要的方向感來源。

And spatial disorientation can develop within seconds.

空間迷向可能在短短幾秒內發生。

Beyond sensory illusions, several other factors can intensify spatial disorientation.

除了感覺錯覺之外，還有多種因素會加劇空間迷向。

False horizon and featureless terrain Illusions, including black hole approaches and runway slope,

假地平線與無特徵地形錯覺，包括黑洞進場與跑道坡度，

width and lighting illusions, can severely distort judgment during night or low visibility landings.

以及跑道寬度與燈光錯覺，都可能在夜間或低能見度降落時嚴重影響判斷。

Environmental conditions like brownout and whiteout, especially in helicopter operations, can completely erase visual references.

像是沙塵暴（brownout）或白化現象（whiteout）等環境條件，

Flicker vertigo, triggered by flashing lights such as strobes or sunlight through rotor blades, can cause dizziness, nausea, and

在直升機作業中特別常見，可能完全抹除視覺參考。

Hypoxia can further impair brain function and worsen disorientation.

閃光眩暈，例如頻閃燈或陽光穿過旋翼，

Inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions occur when a VFR pilot unexpectedly loses outside visual reference.

可能造成頭暈、噁心與方向感喪失。

Spatial disorientation can also be associated with medical and psychological conditions,

空間迷向也可能與醫療或心理狀況有關，

which is why pilots must meet strict health standards.

這也是為什麼飛行員必須符合嚴格的健康標準。

There are methods pilots use to recognize and combat spatial disorientation before it becomes dangerous.

飛行員有多種方法可在空間迷向變得危險之前加以識別與應對。

Aviation authorities emphasize strong training, best practices, and solid aeronautical decision making.

航空主管機關強調扎實的訓練、最佳作業方式與良好的飛行決策。

Tools like the Bahrani chair and advanced flight simulators allow pilots to safely experience powerful illusions in a controlled environment.

像是巴拉尼椅與先進飛行模擬器，能讓飛行員在安全環境中體驗強烈錯覺。

Training in partial panel operations, unusual attitude recovery, and

部分儀表操作、非常姿態改正訓練，以及

disciplined instrument scanning teaches pilots to trust their attitude indicator, primary flight display, and

有紀律的儀表掃描，能教會飛行員信任姿態儀與主要飛行顯示器，

the attitude and heading reference system, especially during instrument proficiency checks.

以及姿態與航向參考系統，特別是在儀表熟練檢定時。

Since you have an instructor on board, it allows students to potentially experience disorientation and have that second person on board keep the flight safe.

有教官在機上，學生可以在安全情況下體驗迷向，

It allows them to recognize and talk with their instructor about what they're feeling and how to anecdote that moment.

並能與教官討論當下的感受與如何化解。

At Epic Flight Academy, we teach memory aids that help pilots quickly recognize vestibular and visual illusions.

在 Epic Flight Academy，我們教授記憶口訣，幫助飛行員快速識別前庭與視覺錯覺。

One of the most important is ice flags, which covers the most dangerous spatial disorientation traps.

其中最重要的一個是 ICE FLAGS，涵蓋最危險的迷向陷阱。

Inversion illusion is a sudden climb that can feel like tumbling backward, tempting the pilot to push the nose down.

倒轉錯覺是在突然爬升時，感覺像向後翻滾，誘使飛行員壓低機頭。

Coriolis illusion is a head movement during a turn that creates an overwhelming false spinning sensation.

科里奧利錯覺是在轉彎時移動頭部，產生強烈的旋轉錯覺。

Elevator illusion is rapid vertical acceleration that can make the nose feel too high, leading to unsafe nose down input.

電梯錯覺是快速垂直加速，讓人誤以為機頭過高，導致危險的俯衝操作。

False horizon is when clouds, stars or sloping terrain create a misleading horizon and careless aircraft alignment.

假地平線是雲層、星空或傾斜地形造成錯誤地平線，導致飛機姿態錯誤。

The leans is a slow unnoticed turn followed by leveling, which causes a false sensation of banking the opposite way.

傾斜錯覺是緩慢且未察覺的轉彎後回正，卻感覺反方向傾斜。

Autokinesis is a single stationary light that appears to move when stared at in the dark.

自動運動錯覺是在黑暗中凝視單一固定燈光，卻覺得它在移動。

A graveyard spiral is a prolonged unnoticed turn which leads to a tightening descent when the pilot tries to level off.

墓地螺旋是長時間未察覺的轉彎，回正時反而進入越來越陡的下降。

Somatographic illusion is rapid acceleration that feels like a false nose up pitch.

體重加速錯覺是快速加速，感覺像是機頭過度上仰。

This is especially dangerous during takeoff.

While flying, if you're recognizing that you're spatially disoriented at that moment,

飛行中如果你意識到自己正在發生空間迷向，

you know it was probably a good idea to not approach a runway or maybe even continue on that flight.

那通常代表不適合繼續進場，甚至該考慮中止飛行。

You might request a hold from approach to kind of re-establish your level and honestly let ATC know if you feel that you are disoriented because they will also help you too.

你可以向進場管制請求等待航線，重新建立平飛狀態，也應該主動告知航管人員，他們會協助你。

As pilots learn to recognize the physical illusions of spatial disorientation,

當飛行員學會辨識迷向的生理錯覺後，

the next critical layer is how they make decisions when those illusions strike.

下一個關鍵層面就是在錯覺發生時如何做出決策。

Aeronautical decision-making, or ADM, is the structured process pilots use to assess risk and choose the safest course of action during flight.

航空決策（ADM）是一套結構化流程，幫助飛行員評估風險並選擇最安全的行動。

As outlined in the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge,

如《飛行員航空知識手冊》所述，

ADM teaches pilots to base decisions on the most accurate and current information available.

ADM 教導飛行員依據最準確、最新的資訊來做決策。

Crew resource management, or CRM, strengthens safety through communication, teamwork, situational awareness, workload management and error reduction.

機組資源管理（CRM）透過溝通、團隊合作、情境意識、工作負荷管理與錯誤降低來提升安全。

At Epic Flight Academy, CRM is a core part of our Airline Direct program with Southern Airways Express.

在 Epic Flight Academy，CRM 是與 Southern Airways Express 合作的直通航線計畫核心。

And is now a critical element of professional pilot training.

也是專業飛行訓練中的關鍵要素。

When spatial disorientation strikes, pilots are taught one simple rule.

當空間迷向發生時，飛行員被教導一個簡單原則。

Physical sensations can feel completely opposite of what the instruments show, but

身體感覺可能與儀表顯示完全相反，但

the instruments provide the only reliable truth.

儀表才是唯一可靠的真實資訊。

Systems like synthetic vision, autopilot and IMC and night vision can assist, but they are not foolproof.

合成視覺、自動駕駛與夜視系統能輔助飛行，但並非萬無一失。

And when your body feels something, we might be inclined to react to that feeling.

當身體產生某種感覺時，我們往往會想立刻反應，

But confirming with your instruments that that's the appropriate reaction will let you make the best decision.

但透過儀表確認後再行動，才能做出最佳決策。

One of the main instruments is your attitude indicator.

其中最重要的儀表之一就是姿態儀。

It's showing essentially the horizon even when you can't see it.

即使你看不到地平線，它仍能顯示飛機姿態。

So simply by seeing that instead of relying on what you feel might be a bank or a climb will allow you to kind of re establish some situational awareness.

透過它，而非依賴身體感覺，就能重新建立情境意識。

Spatial disorientation is also tied to poor decision-making,

空間迷向也與不良決策密切相關，

including planned continuation bias and get there itis when pilots push on despite worsening conditions.

包括計畫持續偏誤與「一定要到」心態，即使情況惡化仍執意前進。