Name: 為什麼美國有 4500 家銀行，而加拿大隻有 79 家？ (Why The U.S. Has 4,500 Banks And Canada Has 79)
Uploaded: 2025-09-05T00:29:45.000Z
Duration: 12 min 32 s

We had about 7,000 community banks right after the crisis.

危機發生後，我們有大約 7000 家社區銀行。

We see that those local banks are really disappearing.

我們看到，那些地方銀行真的正在消失。

It's really hard for them to compete with the very largest banks who are essentially subsidized by the public because they are seen as too big to fail.

他們真的很難與最大的銀行競爭，因為這些銀行基本上是由公眾補貼的，因為它們被視為太大而不能倒閉。

The four largest banks in the U.S., JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo, Bank of America and Citigroup, hold an increasingly large percentage of the banking industry's assets.

美國最大的四家銀行，即摩根大通、富國銀行、美國銀行和花旗集團，在銀行業資產中所佔的比例越來越大。

The general phenomenon that it's easier for the regulators to let a small bank fail than a big one itself gives banks incentive to consolidate.

對監管機構來說，讓一家小銀行倒閉比讓一家大銀行倒閉更容易，這種普遍現象促使銀行進行整合。

That's a big number compared to other countries that are similar to us in terms of economic development, even when you control for population.

與經濟發展水準與我們相近的其他國家相比，這是一個很大的數字，即使在控制人口的情況下也是如此。

For example, in Canada, there are a mere 79 banks.

In the midst of the 2008 financial crisis, the World Economic Forum named the Canadian banking system the soundest in the world.

2008 年金融危機期間，世界經濟論壇將加拿大銀行系統評為世界上最健全的銀行系統。

There's never been a banking crisis in Canada good for them.

加拿大從未發生過銀行危機，這對他們來說是件好事。

I think they do a lot of things that are right.

我認為他們做了很多正確的事情。

I think the regulatory culture is good there.

A concentrated banking system like Canada's may provide more stability, but it could also limit competition and innovation.

像加拿大這樣集中的銀行體系可能會提供更多的穩定性，但也可能會限制競爭和創新。

If you're a small business in Canada, it's harder to get the kind of lending at scale when you're smaller than it is in the United States.

如果你是加拿大的一家小企業，當你規模較小時，比美國更難獲得這種規模的貸款。

And that potentially means less employment, less innovation, less productivity, less GDP growth.

這可能意味著就業減少、創新減少、生產率降低、GDP 增長降低。

So would the U.S. benefit from a consolidated banking system like Canada's?

那麼，美國會從加拿大那樣的綜合銀行體系中受益嗎？

Canada's banking system is one of the most concentrated banking systems in the G7 countries.

加拿大的銀行系統是 G7 國家中銀行系統最集中的國家之一。

The banks known as the Big Six hold 93 percent of Canada's deposits.

六大銀行持有加拿大 93% 的存款。

I think some people certainly would refer to it as an oligopoly.

我想有些人肯定會把它稱為寡頭壟斷。

Larger banks are less likely to fail than small ones because they have a more diversified depositor base.

規模較大的銀行比規模較小的銀行更不容易倒閉，因為它們擁有更多樣化的儲戶基礎。

Because we have always had more conservative lending standards and a sort of a safer system there, in 2008, we had no some prime mortgage crisis, no foreclosure crisis, no housing market collapse.

由於我們一直有較為保守的貸款標準和一種較為安全的制度，2008 年，我們沒有發生一些優質抵押貸款危機，沒有發生止贖危機，也沒有發生房地產市場崩潰。

People's retirement savings were preserved.

The risk taking with the Canadian banks is less than it is in the U.S.

加拿大銀行承擔的風險比美國低。

The U.S., we have a little different approach.

Canadian banks may be more conservative in part because of regulation.

加拿大銀行可能更保守，部分原因是監管。

我們確實有一個聯邦監管機構。

It's the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions.

It runs federally across the country and it does collectively what sort of three different regulators at the federal level would do in the United States.

它在全國範圍內以聯邦方式運行，集體完成美國聯邦層面三個不同監管機構的工作。

Among other duties, the OCC, the Federal Reserve System and the FDIC together regulate banking.

除其他職責外，監理會、聯邦儲備系統和聯邦存款保險公司共同監管銀行業務。

The OCC focuses on national banks, federal savings associations and federal parts of foreign banks.

OCC 的工作重點是國家銀行、聯邦儲蓄協會和外國銀行的聯邦部分。

The Federal Reserve System supervises state chartered banks within its system, savings and loan holding companies, foreign banks operating in the U.S., bank holding companies and more.

聯邦儲備系統對其系統內的州特許銀行、儲蓄和貸款控股公司、在美國營運的外國銀行、銀行控股公司等進行監管。

The FDIC is the primary federal regulator of state chartered banks that choose not to join the Federal Reserve System and is the backup supervisor for the remaining insured banks and savings associations.

聯邦存款保險公司是選擇不加入聯邦儲備系統的州特許銀行的主要聯邦監管機構，也是其餘投保銀行和儲蓄協會的備份監管機構。

This kind of regulatory complexity maybe leaves room for some innovation, right?

這種監管的複雜性或許為創新留下了空間，不是嗎？

So that if you have a great idea for a new way of doing banking and you can't make it work under the federal OCC chartering system, maybe you start as a state bank and it allows you on a smaller scale to innovate and to create something new, which then you could scale up if you wanted to.

這樣，如果你對銀行業務的新方式有好的想法，但在聯邦 OCC 特許體系下無法實現，也許你可以從州銀行做起，它允許你在較小的範圍內進行創新，創造新的東西，然後如果你願意，可以擴大規模。

On the downside, of course, there's there are potentially gaps in coverage for people.

當然，也有不利的一面，那就是人們的保險可能會出現缺口。

There have been 570 bank failures in the U.S. since 2001, including one as recently as June of 2025.

自 2001 年以來，美國已有 570 家銀行倒閉，其中包括最近於 2025 年 6 月倒閉的一家。

Over the same period, Canada has had none.

而在同一時期，加拿大卻沒有。

In March of 2023, Silicon Valley Bank experienced the third largest bank failure in U.S. history.

2023 年 3 月，硅谷銀行經歷了美國曆史上第三大銀行倒閉。

Stocks down and fear up about the fallout from the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank.

股票下跌，硅谷銀行倒閉引發的恐慌升溫。

When depositors at Silicon Valley Bank got nervous, you know where they headed?

當硅谷銀行的儲戶感到緊張時，你知道他們會去哪裡嗎？

And even though their deposits would still be uninsured, they knew that they would always be protected because those banks were too big to fail.

儘管他們的存款仍然沒有保險，但他們知道自己始終會受到保護，因為這些銀行太大了，不可能倒閉。

One of the reasons Canadian banks have done well is because a lot of them have operations here in the U.S. where they can take more risk and make more money.

加拿大銀行表現出色的原因之一是，很多加拿大銀行在美國開展業務，可以承擔更大的風險，賺更多的錢。

By 2023, half of everything the big six banks owned and owed was foreign offshore.

到 2023 年，六大銀行所擁有和拖欠的所有款項中，有一半是國外離岸資金。

They're working in spaces that are far more volatile, far less regulated than what they're doing in Canada.

他們的工作環境比在加拿大的工作環境更不穩定，受到的監管也更少。

And the truth is that if a Canadian bank failed because of some of these high-risk, high-return bets they're making in other spaces, it would be disastrous for the Canadian economy.

而事實是，如果一家加拿大銀行因為在其他領域的一些高風險、高回報的賭注而倒閉，這對加拿大經濟將是災難性的。

Naturally, the bigger the bank is, the more it will be seen that its failure will create damage to the economy, will create political damage that is just unacceptable.

當然，銀行規模越大，人們就越會看到它的失敗會對經濟造成損害，會造成無法接受的政治損害。

And so this is the too-big-to-fail phenomenon.

Consolidation and the too-big-to-fail phenomenon often go hand in hand.

合併和 "大而不倒 "現象往往相伴而生。

The regulatory phenomenon, which it historically seems to have said that big banks are more likely to get bailed out by small banks, this is a moral hazard.

歷史上的監管現象似乎是，大銀行更有可能得到小銀行的救助，這是一種道德風險。

It can lead big banks to take excessive risks, and the regulators have to watch for that through the other regulations they impose.

這會導致大銀行承擔過高的風險，監管機構必須通過實施其他監管措施來防範這種情況。

But the general phenomenon that it's easier for the regulators to let a small bank fail than a big one itself gives banks an incentive to consolidate.

但是，對監管機構來說，讓一家小銀行倒閉比讓一家大銀行倒閉更容易，這種普遍現象促使銀行進行整合。

The Supreme Court really was prescient decades ago in a case known as Philadelphia National Bank.

幾十年前，最高法院在一起名為費城國家銀行的案件中果然先知先覺。

And what the court said was that when banks can consolidate and get bigger and bigger, that can push the rest of the economy to also consolidate.

法院的意見是，如果銀行能夠進行整合，並變得越來越大，就會推動其他經濟部門也進行整合。

It's one of the reasons we want a very diverse banking system with banks of all sizes.

這也是我們希望建立一個由各種規模的銀行組成的多元化銀行體系的原因之一。

The American Bankers Association says that the U.S. has one of the most diverse banking systems in the world.

美國銀行家協會稱，美國是世界上銀行體系最多樣化的國家之一。

Community banks account for 90 percent of all FDIC-insured institutions in the U.S.

在美國所有獲得聯邦存款保險公司保險的機構中，社區銀行佔 90%。

It's long been the case that the U.S. has had an edge because people with a business idea can go to a local bank and get a loan.

長期以來，美國一直擁有優勢，因為有創業想法的人可以到當地銀行獲得貸款。

Small banks account for a disproportionate share of small business lending.

小銀行在小企業貸款中所佔份額過大。

As of 2024, 29 percent of loan, line of credit and cash advance small business applicants stop financing at small banks.

截至 2024 年，29% 的貸款、信貸額度和現金墊款小企業申請人停止在小銀行融資。

Community banks in particular do a very, very large percentage of small business lending.

尤其是社區銀行，其小企業貸款所佔比例非常非常大。

So weakening them, you weaken and restrict a key point of credit availability for our smallest businesses and an engine for economic growth because small businesses are the lion's share of job creation in the U.S.

是以，削弱它們，就等於削弱和限制了為我們最小的企業提供信貸的關鍵點和經濟增長的引擎，因為小企業是美國創造就業的主要力量。

What could be that small business borrowing is hurt by the move to consolidate, in which case we shouldn't go down to just three national banks, even if that would be maybe the safest from a regulatory perspective.

在這種情況下，我們就不應該只剩下三家全國性銀行，即使從監管的角度來看，這也許是最安全的。

I think a lot would be lost for consumers and maybe for small business borrowing as well.

我認為這將給消費者帶來很大損失，或許也會給小企業借款帶來損失。

市場主導從來都不是一件好事。

You lose competitive pricing, you lose innovation, you lose competitive spirit if you have these huge market concentrations.

如果市場高度集中，就會失去有競爭力的定價，失去創新，失去競爭精神。

Canada's banking system is highly consolidated.

They have for years lacked the performance of the U.S. economy.

多年來，它們的表現一直不如美國經濟。

The U.S. economy is roughly 13 times larger than Canada's, whose GDP is comparable to that of New York state.

美國的經濟規模大約是加拿大的 13 倍，而加拿大的國內生產總值與紐約州相當。

When you have a concentrated system where six players really dominate the market, that allows that industry to be quite controlled by those six players.

當你有一個集中的系統，六個參與者真正主導市場時，這個行業就會被這六個參與者控制。

Canadian banks can charge more for service fees than they do.

加拿大銀行可以收取比他們更多的服務費。

它們可以將競爭對手拒之門外。

And there seems to be some evidence that they do that when you consider that there hasn't been a new big bank that has emerged in Canada since we became a country.

考慮到加拿大自建國以來就沒有出現過一家新的大銀行，似乎有一些證據表明它們確實是這樣做的。

The culture, the mindset of the Canadian system is more prescriptive and controlling of banks and their decision making, while we rely more on stronger capital and allow a little bit more risk and innovation, which within parameters is a good thing.

加拿大體系的文化和思維方式對銀行及其決策的規定性和控制性更強，而我們更依賴於更雄厚的資本，允許更多的風險和創新，這在一定範圍內是件好事。

The American banking system has undergone significant consolidation in the last decades.

過去幾十年來，美國銀行體系經歷了重大整合。

If you go back just to 2005, so just 20 years ago, there were about 7,500 banks.

如果追溯到 2005 年，也就是 20 年前，大約有 7500 家銀行。

是以，我們在 20 年裡損失了 3000 人。

And then if you go back to 1975, there were 14,000.

再往前追溯到 1975 年，共有 14 000 人。

So about three times the number that we have now.

In 1921, there were over 30,000 commercial banks operating in the U.S.

1921 年，美國有超過 30,000 家商業銀行在營運。

This was the result of state laws that limited the number of branches a bank was allowed to open and made it illegal for banks to operate across state lines.

這是由於各州的法律限制了銀行開設分行的數量，並規定銀行跨州經營是非法的。

Now, these rules started to be rolled back both at the state and then finally at the federal level in 1994.

現在，這些規則開始在州一級被廢除，最後於 1994 年在聯邦一級被廢除。

And so although we already had some consolidation before then, consolidation really kicked off in the mid to late 90s and has been going like gangbusters ever since.

是以，儘管在此之前我們已經進行了一些整合，但整合真正拉開序幕是在 90 年代中後期，從那時起，整合就一直如火如荼地進行著。

Some of the biggest banks we see today, J.P.

我們今天看到的一些最大的銀行，J.P.

Morgan Chase, Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Citigroup, they are really the result of an empire building exercise to gobble up regional and community banks.

摩根大通、富國銀行、美國銀行、花旗集團，它們其實都是吞併地區和社區銀行的帝國建設的結果。

In June, the Federal Reserve proposed easing capital requirements, a move that would lower financing costs for megabanks.

6 月，美聯儲提議放寬資本要求，此舉將降低大型銀行的融資成本。

If these policies keep up, then I think they're going to get bigger and bigger and bigger.

如果這些政策繼續下去，我認為它們會變得越來越大。

And we're going to see even more consolidation.

Another factor encouraging consolidation is fixed costs or recurring expenses that don't vary regardless of demand.

另一個鼓勵合併的因素是固定成本或經常性開支，它們不會隨需求變化而變化。