Name: 他把蟲子畫得像寶石--從此改變了科學 (He Painted Bugs Like Jewels — And Changed Science Forever)
Uploaded: 2025-07-17T08:09:30.000Z
Duration: 8 min 19 s

情態副詞

You know, it took humanity quite a long time to become interested scientifically or aesthetically in insects.

要知道，人類花了很長時間才從科學或美學角度對昆蟲產生興趣。

Humans have evolutionary, psychological, and cultural reasons to fear and be disgusted by the skittering, swarming, disease-carrying, egg-laying universe of terrestrial arthropods.

人類在進化、心理和文化上都有理由懼怕和厭惡陸生節肢動物的滑行、蜂擁、攜帶疾病和產卵。

People didn't get serious about understanding insects until the late 1500s, and it wasn't just scientists who turned our attention to these little beasts, it was the artists.

直到 15 世紀晚期，人們才開始認真瞭解昆蟲，而將我們的注意力轉向這些小動物的不僅僅是科學家，還有藝術家。

In the mid-1500s, there was simply nowhere in Europe more exciting than Antwerp.

15 世紀中期，歐洲沒有比安特衛普更令人興奮的地方了。

Its port became the hub for global trade, with goods and people from all over the world passing through.

它的港口成為全球貿易的樞紐，來自世界各地的貨物和人員都要經過這裡。

It was the financial center of Europe too, and even though the Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Catholic Habsburgs, Antwerp in this period was a haven of religious tolerance.

安特衛普也是歐洲的金融中心，儘管荷蘭是由天主教哈布斯堡王朝統治的神聖羅馬帝國的一部分，但在這一時期，安特衛普是宗教寬容的天堂。

All these things are the ingredients for a cultural flourishing, and that's exactly what happened.

所有這些都是文化繁榮的要素，而這正是發生的事情。

Antwerp was home to the leading merchants, humanists, artists, and natural historians of the time, though those different fields had a lot of overlap in the 16th century.

安特衛普是當時主要商人、人文主義者、藝術家和自然歷史學家的故鄉，儘管這些不同領域在 16 世紀有很多重疊。

In fact, sometimes they all converged in the figure of a single person, a person like Joris Hufnagel, for example.

事實上，有時他們都匯聚在一個人身上，比如約里斯-胡夫納格爾（Joris Hufnagel）。

Hufnagel was both literally and in spirit a Renaissance man, born to a family of wealthy merchants at the height of Antwerp's glory years.

胡夫納格爾出生在安特衛普最輝煌時期的一個富商家庭，從字面上和精神上來說，他都是一個文藝復興時期的人。

His comprehensive humanist education made him a polymath.

全面的人文主義教育使他成為一位多面手。

He knew several languages, he wrote poetry, played musical instruments.

他懂多國語言，會寫詩，會演奏樂器。

He had an interest in trade, geography, natural history, and more.

他對貿易、地理、自然史等都很感興趣。

But his true passion was in the visual arts, painting, and illustration.

但他真正熱愛的是視覺藝術、繪畫和插圖。

When he was young, Hufnagel traveled to France, England, and Spain, sketching and painting everything he saw.

胡夫納格爾年輕時曾到法國、英國和西班牙旅行，看到什麼畫什麼。

He was particularly fascinated by the exotic plants and animals that came into the port of Sevilla from the New World.

他對從新大陸運抵塞維利亞港的外來動植物尤其著迷。

We don't have any surviving writings from him, but it's clear from Hufnagel's work that he had an enduring obsession with the varieties and intricacies of nature.

我們沒有他現存的任何著作，但從胡夫納格爾的作品中可以清楚地看出，他對大自然的多樣性和複雜性有著持久的痴迷。

The European Renaissance saw an explosion of interest in the natural world, for the first time since the age of Aristotle.

歐洲文藝復興時期，自亞里士多德時代以來，人們首次對自然世界產生了濃厚的興趣。

The scholar Brian Ogilvie suggests three reasons for this.

學者布賴恩-奧格爾維（Brian Ogilvie）提出了三個原因。

People wanted to understand plants better so they could make better medicines with them.

人們希望更好地瞭解植物，以便用植物製成更好的藥物。

Second, a renewed fascination with ancient texts drove people to look closer at the world to understand what philosophers like Aristotle were writing about.

其次，對古代典籍的重新著迷促使人們更仔細地觀察世界，以瞭解亞里士多德等哲學家所寫的內容。

And finally, in the 1500s, there was a vogue for curiosities and wonders from around the world, like those exotic things Hufnagel saw at the ports of Antwerp and Sevilla.

最後，在 15 世紀，世界各地的奇珍異寶風靡一時，比如胡夫納格爾在安特衛普和塞維利亞港口看到的那些異國情調的東西。

These impulses, says Ogilvie, existed within a wider movement in which people believed that the wonders of nature revealed God's magnificent creativity.

奧格爾維說，這些衝動存在於更廣泛的運動中，人們相信大自然的奇蹟揭示了上帝的偉大創造力。

This was especially true for Protestants who saw nature as God's quote-unquote second book after the Bible.

新教徒尤其如此，他們認為自然是上帝繼《聖經》之後的第二本書。

Reading nature, so to speak, was a way of studying and glorifying God's works.

可以說，閱讀自然是研究和頌揚上帝作為的一種方式。

This way of thinking is what paves the way for an artist like Albrecht Durer, who pioneered the realistic depiction of nature in the early 1500s, highlighting even the smallest parts of it in works like Young Hair and Great Piece of Turf.

這種思維方式為阿爾布雷希特-杜勒這樣的藝術家鋪平了道路，他在 15 世紀早期開創了寫實自然描繪的先河，在《年輕的頭髮》和《一塊巨大的草皮》等作品中，他甚至突出了自然的最小部分。

Hufnagel never met Durer, but was clearly inspired by his work, like so many others in that generation.

胡夫納格爾從未見過杜勒，但他顯然受到了杜勒作品的啟發，就像那一代的許多其他人一樣。

As a painter in the royal courts of Northern Europe, Hufnagel was given a rare freedom to pursue his interests in the natural world, taking the baton of Durer's aesthetic philosophy and carrying it much further.

作為北歐皇家宮廷的畫家，胡夫納格爾獲得了難得的自由，可以追求自己對自然世界的興趣，他接過了杜勒美學哲學的接力棒，並將其發揚光大。

For my money, Hufnagel's magnum opus is The Four Elements, a series of around 300 watercolor miniatures of a startling variety of animals.

在我看來，胡夫納格爾的代表作是《四元素》，這是一個由大約 300 幅水彩微型畫組成的系列，畫中的動物種類驚人。

The series is split into four volumes, water, earth, air, and fire, the four classical elements comprising the animals that he believed fit into those categories.

這套叢書分為四卷，分別是水、土、氣和火，這四種經典元素由他認為符合這些類別的動物組成。

So you have the sea creatures in water, the birds in air, the land animals in earth, and in fire are the insects.

是以，水裡有海洋生物，空中有鳥類，地上有陸地動物，火裡有昆蟲。

Now we don't really know why Hufnagel put insects in the fire volume, maybe because both fire and insects symbolize transformation, but what we do know is that these insect miniatures are magnificently rendered.

現在我們並不清楚胡夫納格爾為什麼要把昆蟲放在火卷中，也許是因為火和昆蟲都象徵著轉變，但我們知道的是，這些昆蟲微縮畫的渲染效果非常出色。

Look again at this update he makes to Durer's stag beetle.

再看看他對杜勒的鍬形甲蟲所做的更新。

Hufnagel literally fills in Durer's gaps between the head, prothorax, and forewing.

Hufnagel 從字面上填補了 Durer 在頭部、前胸和前翅之間的空白。

He adds definition and texture to the wing cases and uses a greater range of color to capture the play of light off the surface.

他增加了機翼外殼的清晰度和質感，並使用更大的色彩範圍來捕捉表面的光線變化。

Speaking of light, look at the attention paid to the beetle's shadow.

說到光，看看甲蟲的影子就知道了。

Durer's shadow is flat, while Hufnagel's is realistically calibrated, giving a stronger sense of three-dimensionality.

杜勒的影子是平面的，而胡夫納格爾的影子則是逼真的，給人更強的立體感。

Or look at the southern hawker dragonfly.

As curator Stacey Sell points out, each of these spots on the abdomen contains a slightly different mix of green and yellow pigments.

正如館長 Stacey Sell 所說，腹部的每個斑點都含有略微不同的綠色和黃色混合色素。

Hufnagel isn't cutting corners here, he's taking pains to achieve precise detail.

Hufnagel 並沒有偷工減料，而是煞費苦心地追求細節的精確。

Not only is each areola individually shaped, but as Sell notes, Hufnagel makes these minute brush strokes at varying weights to show us the way light passes through the wing.

不僅每個乳暈的形狀各不相同，而且正如 Sell 所說，Hufnagel 還用不同重量的細筆描繪，向我們展示光線穿過翅膀的方式。

Whereas many of the animals in the other volumes were copied from the work of other artists, the insects in the fire volume were almost certainly drawn from life.

其他畫卷中的許多動物都是從其他藝術家的作品中臨摹而來，而《火》畫卷中的昆蟲幾乎可以肯定是從生活中提取的。

We know that because, in some cases, Hufnagel actually included part of the insect in his drawing.

我們之所以知道這一點，是因為在某些情況下，胡夫納格爾實際上是把昆蟲的一部分畫進了他的畫中。

But we also know that because, at this time, there was simply no other book to copy from.

但我們也知道，因為在當時，根本沒有其他書可以抄襲。

What you're looking at here is the first book devoted to insects in history.

您現在看到的是歷史上第一本專門介紹昆蟲的書。

Almost a century before the rise of the microscope, and more than a century before the emergence of entomology as a science.

比顯微鏡的出現早了近一個世紀，比昆蟲學成為一門科學早了一個多世紀。

Is The Four Elements a work of science, or a work of art?

四要素》是一部科學著作，還是一部藝術作品？

I don't know that the distinction would have made much sense to Hufnagel.

我不知道這種區分對胡夫納格爾是否有意義。

Not in the way that it does to us, anyway.

He brought a natural historian's spirit of investigation, categorization, and discovery to painting.

他將自然歷史學家的調查、分類和發現精神帶到了繪畫中。

He brought a painter's devotion to color, form, and beauty to natural history.

他將畫家對色彩、形式和美感的追求帶入了自然歷史。

And you can see a spiritual impulse here, too.

在這裡，你也能看到一種精神上的衝動。

The desire to celebrate God's artistry in his tiniest creations, in the creatures that so many deem ugly, or scary, or revolting.

我們渴望在上帝最微小的創造物中，在被許多人視為醜陋、可怕或令人厭惡的生物中，讚美上帝的藝術。

It's sad, but very few people actually got to see the exquisite Four Elements in Hufnagel's time.

令人遺憾的是，在胡夫納格爾時代，很少有人能真正看到精美的《四元素》。

The series was a personal project, created over decades for a small circle of friends and royal patrons.

該系列是一個個人項目，歷經數十年為一小部分朋友和皇室贊助人創作。

But at some point, Hufnagel must have realized its value to a wider public.

但在某一時刻，胡夫納格爾一定意識到了它對更多公眾的價值。

更不用說它對他錢包的價值了。

So he worked with his teenage son, Jakob, to make another series of 48 intaglio prints called the Archetypa, that group the animals from the Four Elements into creative, emblematic menageries.

是以，他與十幾歲的兒子雅各布合作，製作了另一個 48 幅凹版畫系列《Archetypa》，將四元素中的動物組合成富有創意和象徵意義的動物園。

It was these prints that found their way into the hands of artists and naturalists across Europe, that found their way into collections, into natural history treatises, and ultimately into the collective consciousness of a culture growing rapidly more curious about how the world actually worked.

正是這些版畫進入了歐洲藝術家和博物學家的手中，進入了收藏館，進入了自然史論著，並最終進入了一種對世界的實際運作方式越來越好奇的文化的集體意識中。

Hufnagel was both a subject and a source of that curiosity.

胡夫納格爾既是好奇心的對象，也是好奇心的來源。

He pushed our knowledge and our art forward, awakening us to the vastness of the universe at our feet.

他推動我們的知識和藝術向前發展，喚醒我們認識腳下浩瀚的宇宙。

Hey everybody, thank you so much for watching.

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本期節目由 Squarespace 為您帶來，Squarespace 是創業者在網絡上脫穎而出並取得成功的一體化網站平臺。

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要開始使用，您可以使用Squarespace的人工智能增強型網站構建工具Blueprint AI，只需幾步就能獲得完全定製的網站，或者從其專業設計的模板庫中選擇時尚、吸引人的模板。

Every website you make will be optimized for SEO, so you'll show up more often in search results.

您製作的每個網站都將針對搜索引擎優化進行優化，是以您將更頻繁地出現在搜索結果中。

And you can do so much within Squarespace, like creating members-only content, videos, blogs, courses, creative work that you can monetize via one-time payments or subscriptions.

在 Squarespace 中，您可以做很多事情，比如創建會員專享內容、視頻、博客、課程和創意作品，並通過一次性付款或訂閱來盈利。

The bottom line is that Squarespace is going to make a home for your products or your work that looks and feels professional, something that will impress your customers and fans.

最重要的是，Squarespace 將為您的產品或作品打造一個專業的家園，讓您的客戶和粉絲對您刮目相看。

Head over to squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you're ready to launch, go to squarespace.com slash nerdwriter for 10% off your first purchase.

前往 squarespace.com 獲取免費試用版，當你準備好啟動時，前往 squarespace.com slash nerdwriter 首次購買可享受九折優惠。

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他把蟲子畫得像寶石--從此改變了科學 (He Painted Bugs Like Jewels — And Changed Science Forever)

literally

impulse

exotic

endure