Name: 為什麼飛機機械師短缺是航空業的下一個挑戰？ (Why A Shortage Of Airplane Mechanics Is Aviation's Next Challenge)
Uploaded: 2025-06-09T13:13:58.000Z
Duration: 13 min 35 s

程度副詞

Aircraft mechanics have a very important job.

They keep the thousands of airplanes flying every day safe, but experts say there's a critical shortage of aviation maintenance technicians that can't keep up with growing demand.

他們每天為成千上萬架飛機的安全飛行保駕護航，但專家表示，航空維修技術人員嚴重短缺，無法滿足日益增長的需求。

It's already impacting the ability to grow.

An aircraft is on the ground and I don't have a mechanic to fix it.

飛機在地面上，我沒有機械師來修理。

The fatal accident between an American Airlines regional jet and an Army Black Hawk helicopter in Washington, D.C. has cast a light on how much pressure there is on an already strained industry where the slightest of variables determine safety.

美國航空公司一架支線飛機與一架陸軍黑鷹直升機在華盛頓特區發生的致命事故，讓人們看到了這個本已十分緊張的行業所面臨的壓力有多大。

Boeing estimates that 716,000 technicians are needed worldwide to maintain the global air fleet over the next 20 years.

波音公司估計，未來 20 年全球需要 71.6 萬名技術人員來維護全球機隊。

Demand from a Boeing or an Airbus for brand new aircraft, it's strong and it'll be strong for years, plural, and that is all driven by more people flying.

波音公司或空中客車公司對全新飛機的需求非常強勁，並將持續多年。

The current shortage of AMTs in the U.S. will reach roughly 25,000 workers by 2028.

到 2028 年，美國目前的 AMT 短缺人數將達到約 25,000 人。

And as more people and goods fly, the global air fleet is expected to grow, adding nearly 46,000 new aircraft between now and 2043.

隨著越來越多的人和貨物搭乘飛機，全球機隊預計將增長，從現在到 2043 年將增加近 46,000 架新飛機。

United Airlines Boeing 777 bound for Japan had a wheel fall off during takeoff. 2024 brought increased attention to aircraft maintenance with airlines losing tires or pieces of planes mid-flight, and especially the near catastrophe with Alaska Airlines after Boeing didn't reinstall bolts that hold a door plug in place.

美國聯合航空公司一架飛往日本的波音 777 飛機在起飛時輪子脫落。2024 年，航空公司在飛行途中丟失輪胎或飛機部件，尤其是阿拉斯加航空公司因波音公司沒有重新安裝固定門塞的螺栓而險些釀成大禍，使飛機維修問題日益受到關注。

The Federal Aviation Administration has also struggled with staffing shortages and funding in recent years.

近年來，聯邦航空管理局在人員短缺和資金問題上也舉步維艱。

Jobs like air traffic controllers or maintenance carry a responsibility with them that one mistake could injure or kill hundreds of people.

空中交通管制員或維修人員等工作責任重大，一個失誤就可能導致數百人受傷或死亡。

These go on aircraft that fly millions of people every day.

這些都裝在每天運送數百萬人的飛機上。

我們在那裡是為了保證人們的安全。

Companies like GE Aerospace and Aircraft Maintenance Schools are working to train the next generation of AMTs.

通用電氣航空航天公司和飛機維修學校等公司正在努力培訓下一代 AMT。

It feels like it's such an honor and a privilege to work on something like this, like a machine that flies.

能從事這樣的工作，感覺就像能飛的機器一樣，是一種榮譽和特權。

CNBC visited GE in Lafayette, Indiana and Aviation High School in Queens, New York to explore the challenges facing the aviation industry and how it plans to keep up with the demand for mechanics and technicians.

CNBC 訪問了印第安納州拉斐特的通用電氣公司和紐約皇后區的航空中學，探討航空業面臨的挑戰，以及航空業計劃如何滿足對機械師和技術人員的需求。

The U.S. aviation maintenance industry is a $65 billion business that employs roughly 329,000 people.

美國航空維修業是一個價值 650 億美元的行業，大約有 32.9 萬名員工。

The work done by an AMT can vary from overhauling an entire plane to specific sections or components.

AMT 的工作內容多種多樣，從整架飛機的大修到特定部分或組件的大修。

The majority of the workforce is in repair shops and parts manufacturing and 23% work for airlines.

大部分勞動力在修理廠和零部件製造廠工作，23%為航空公司工作。

A shortage of AMTs could slow down production or lead to delays, cancellations, even fewer flights.

AMT 的短缺可能會導致生產放緩或班機延誤、取消甚至減少。

But these workers are also crucial to the global supply chain, military and emergency services like aerial firefighting.

但這些工人對全球供應鏈、軍事和空中消防等應急服務也至關重要。

The pandemic brought a sharp drop in air travel.

大流行導致航空旅行急劇下降。

At one point, over 16,000 commercial jets were grounded and thousands of experienced technicians and machinists were laid off or retired.

一度有超過 16000 架商用噴氣式飛機停飛，數千名經驗豐富的技術人員和機械師失業或退休。

People forget that the aerospace industry was in a pretty serious ramp at the time pre-COVID.

人們忘記了，在 COVID 推出之前，航空航天工業正處於一個相當嚴重的停滯期。

And then frankly, of course, overnight, we went from ramping to zero demand over time.

當然，坦率地說，一夜之間，我們的需求量從不斷增加逐漸變為零。

GE dominates the commercial engine space when combined with its joint venture with Safran CFM International.

通用電氣與賽峰集團合資的 CFM 國際公司在商用發動機領域佔據主導地位。

The CFM-56 is the best-selling jet engine in history.

CFM-56 是歷史上最暢銷的噴氣發動機。

It powers more than 14,000 commercial and military aircraft while its new LEAP engines power more than 3,500.

它為 14,000 多架商用和軍用飛機提供動力，而其新型 LEAP 發動機則為 3,500 多架飛機提供動力。

The company said it's been able to hire back quickly, but that the aerospace supply chain still hasn't fully recovered.

該公司表示，它已經能夠迅速招聘回員工，但航空航天供應鏈仍未完全恢復。

A single jet engine on a commercial aircraft can be made up of 40,000 components.

商用飛機上的一個噴氣發動機可由 4 萬個部件組成。

So often it's our tier two, tier three suppliers that are still in that process and may have some of that risk yet that they haven't seen flow through their workforce.

是以，我們的二級、三級供應商往往仍處於這一過程中，可能還存在一些風險，他們還沒有看到這些風險在其勞動力中流動。

The number of new mechanics certificates rose 32% in 2023, but the overall number of certified mechanics has stayed near the same level over the past 20 years.

2023 年，新獲得技工證書的人數增加了 32%，但在過去 20 年中，獲得證書的技工總人數幾乎保持在同一水準。

The blue collar segment of our population has declined.

我們人口中的藍領階層已經減少。

And now aviation seeks and oftentimes needs the best highest caliber technicians that can then be turned into certificated mechanics or repairmen.

現在，航空業尋求並經常需要最優秀的高素質技術人員，這些技術人員可以成為獲得認證的機械師或修理工。

The FAA has specialized certificates on who can perform and approve maintenance before a part or a plane is approved to fly.

美國聯邦航空局有專門的證書，規定在部件或飛機獲准飛行之前，誰可以執行和準許維修。

The work of non-certificated people has to be supervised by certificated people and certificated people have to approve for return to service.

無證人員的工作必須由有證人員監督，有證人員必須準許重返崗位。

If a maintenance issue does occur, certified individuals or the company could be fined.

如果發生維護問題，經過認證的個人或公司可能會被罰款。

The process to get certified for these positions can take years depending on the specific job.

根據具體工作的不同，這些職位的認證過程可能需要數年時間。

GE said that a technician working at its Lafayette, Indiana facility makes an average of 80 to 90,000 a year in base pay.

通用電氣表示，在印第安納州拉斐特工廠工作的技術人員平均年基本工資為 80,000 至 90,000。

When they walk through the front door, a training is not over.

當他們走進大門時，培訓還沒有結束。

事實上，這種情況持續了好幾年。

Many cases at GE Aerospace and a lot of our peer companies have had to go through a lot of training  before they're fully formed, fully functional, fully efficient.

通用電氣航空航天集團和許多同行公司的許多案例都需要經過大量培訓才能完全成型、充分發揮功能和效率。

Each facility can perform maintenance on what it's been approved for, which the FAA breaks down into different categories like airframe and power plant, which refer to aircraft and engines.

FAA 將其分為機身和動力裝置（指飛機和發動機）等不同類別。

You don't know anything about a 737 or an Airbus or a 777 when you get your A&P license.

當你拿到 A&P 執照時，你對 737、空中客車或 777 一無所知。

American Airlines has the world's largest commercial aircraft maintenance facility in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

美國航空公司在俄克拉荷馬州塔爾薩擁有世界上最大的商用飛機維修設施。

So when we bring them in, we certainly put them through a lot of training over the course of their first few years, and then that training continues through the rest of their career.

是以，當我們引進他們時，我們肯定會在他們最初的幾年裡對他們進行大量培訓，然後在他們職業生涯的其餘時間裡繼續進行培訓。

Commercial airlines have to complete a continued airworthiness maintenance program to ensure aircraft are airworthy and safe for passengers throughout an aircraft's life.

商業航空公司必須完成持續適航維護計劃，以確保飛機在整個生命週期內的適航性和對乘客的安全性。

Line maintenance manages the active airplanes that we're flying remedy passengers for every day.

航線維護管理著我們每天為乘客提供飛行補救服務的現役飛機。

When you look at base maintenance, we're behind the scenes.

在基地維護方面，我們處於幕後。

We take the heavier work, and no different than changing the oil in your car or rotating the tires, we have similar tasks that we have to do.

我們承擔著更繁重的工作，就像給汽車換機油或更換輪胎一樣，我們必須完成類似的任務。

But instead of just a handful on your car, we have thousands.

但在您的車上，我們有成千上萬個，而不是隻有少數幾個。

And those thousands of tasks are accomplished over the course of the life of the aircraft.

而這些數以千計的任務是在飛機的整個使用壽命期間完成的。

And so over the course of 20 years, you may see a heavy maintenance event four, five, even six times.

是以，在 20 年的時間裡，你可能會看到四次、五次甚至六次大規模的維護活動。

Big airlines like American and aerospace manufacturers like Airbus, Boeing, and GE have had apprentice programs for decades to recruit new talent.

數十年來，美航等大型航空公司以及空客、波音和通用電氣等航空航天製造商一直在實施學徒計劃，以招募新人才。

No, I was just kind of looking for that next thing, next challenge, you know, for myself.

不，我只是在為自己尋找下一件事、下一個挑戰。

And it's like, well, automotive stuff's cool, but like, you know, working on jet engines, you know, that's, you know, pretty awesome too.

這就像，汽車行業很酷，但研究噴氣發動機也很棒。

Crystal Godinez is part of the first graduating class from GE Aerospace's newest apprentice program in Lafayette, Indiana.

Crystal Godinez 是印第安納州拉斐特通用電氣航空航天公司最新學徒計劃的首屆畢業生。

At this facility, the company assembles and repairs LEAP-1A and LEAP-1B engines that are used on the Airbus A320neo and Boeing 737 MAX planes.

公司在該工廠組裝和維修 LEAP-1A 和 LEAP-1B 發動機，這些發動機用於空客 A320neo 和波音 737 MAX 飛機。

Working on aircraft engines, like turbine engines, is definitely different than working on automotive.

飛機發動機（如渦輪發動機）與汽車發動機絕對不同。

You know, you're working with a lot of parts, a lot of bigger things.

你知道，你的工作涉及很多部分，很多更大的事情。

Commercial aviation is a long cycle business and requires making a lot of decisions years in advance, including hiring.

商業航空是一項週期較長的業務，需要提前數年做出大量決定，包括招聘。

It is not a spigot where you just turn on the tap and you have a ready now fully functional aerospace employee that's gonna work in a factory.

這不是一個水龍頭，只要打開水龍頭，就能培養出一個在工廠裡工作的功能齊全的航空航天員工。

Airlines and manufacturers also partner with technical schools to ensure it will have enough AMTs in the future.

航空公司和製造商還與技術學校合作，確保未來有足夠的 AMT。

Boeing started coming to us after the pandemic as the pandemic was kind of winding down.

大流行過後，波音公司開始找我們，因為當時大流行已經接近尾聲。

There's an increasing demand for more programs like this.

對更多類似計劃的需求與日俱增。

Aviation High School in Queens, New York has been teaching airplane maintenance to students for 89 years.

紐約皇后區的航空高中 89 年來一直向學生傳授飛機維修知識。

We get 4,000 applicants for 500 seats across the five boroughs, where they spend multiple periods a day working in their aviation maintenance classroom alongside aviation maintenance teachers who are FAA certified.

我們在五個行政區的 500 個名額中收到了 4,000 份申請，他們每天都要在航空維修教室與獲得聯邦航空局認證的航空維修教師一起工作多節課。

They've worked in the airlines, they have the experience, and the great majority of those teachers graduated from the school.

他們在航空公司工作過，經驗豐富，而且絕大多數教師都畢業於該校。

Seeing all the engines that they work on, it was just, it was really cool.

看到他們工作的所有引擎，真的很酷。

They never thought that a school like this existed in New York City.

他們從未想過紐約市會有這樣一所學校。

I'm gonna start working with the airline as I go to college to get my associate's degree in aviation maintenance, and then I'm gonna transfer to a more bigger college to get my engineering degree.

我打算一邊在航空公司工作，一邊上大學攻讀航空維修副學士學位，然後轉到更大的大學攻讀工程學學位。

I actually wanna end up as a pilot when I'm older, and I'm using this as a stepping stone because mechanics, they make a decent amount of money, especially when you're fresh out of high school, and I feel like I could use that to pay for my flight training, and also already have an in.

實際上，我想在長大後成為一名飛行員，我把這當作一塊墊腳石，因為機械師的收入很可觀，尤其是當你剛從高中畢業時，我覺得我可以用它來支付我的飛行培訓費用，而且我已經有了一份工作。

Historically, after a program like ours, typically you go to the regional airlines first.

從歷史上看，像我們這樣的項目結束後，通常會先去支線航空公司。

Lately, because of the huge technician need, there's been more students going directly into American, Delta, United.

最近，由於對技術人員的巨大需求，直接進入美航、達美航空和美聯航的學生越來越多。

Still, the industry faces challenges with hiring.

不過，該行業在招聘方面仍面臨挑戰。

While working for an airline may be the most visible version of these jobs, they only employ 23% of the AMTs in the U.S.

雖然在航空公司工作可能是這些工作中最引人注目的一種，但它們只僱用了美國 23% 的 AMT。

Aerospace is just a fascinating industry that is only a small portion driven by airlines.

航空航天是一個令人著迷的行業，而航空公司只是其中的一小部分。

Experts say that a retirement wave is coming to the industry.

專家稱，退休潮正在向該行業湧來。

The average age of a certified mechanic in the U.S. is 54, and 40% are over the age of 60.

美國註冊機械師的平均年齡為 54 歲，40% 的人超過 60 歲。

We tried to warn people about this 30 years ago.

30 年前，我們就試圖提醒人們注意這一點。

If it takes me 10 minutes to inspect an inexperienced worker's work, and it takes me three minutes to inspect an experienced worker's work, it becomes exponential as you go down the line.

如果我檢查一個沒有經驗的工人的工作需要 10 分鐘，而檢查一個有經驗的工人的工作需要 3 分鐘，那麼隨著時間的推移，檢查時間就會成倍增加。

In 2024, GE hired 1,900 new engineers and manufacturing workers, but small companies are having a harder time recruiting. 80% of the maintenance facilities we represent are small businesses.

2024 年，通用電氣新招聘了 1900 名工程師和製造工人，但小公司的招聘工作卻更加困難。我們所代表的維修機構中，80% 都是小型企業。

They're doing it the same way they've always done it, by word of mouth, et cetera.

他們的做法與以往一樣，都是通過口口相傳，等等。

A couple are very, very active in local schools.

有一對夫婦在當地學校非常非常活躍。

More and more states are looking to do aviation maintenance as a high school, or at least a hybrid high school-college program.

越來越多的州希望將航空維修作為高中課程，或至少是高中與大學的混合課程。

But hiring isn't the only issue affecting the aerospace supply chain.

但招聘並不是影響航空航天供應鏈的唯一問題。

The biggest challenge we're having right now is getting new parts, engines.

我們現在面臨的最大挑戰是如何獲得新的零部件和發動機。

Training materials for us means like tear-down engines or systems that are taken from other aircraft and put onto a board so we can teach students troubleshoot defaults and so on, and that's been hard to get because of the shortage of supplies.

對我們來說，培訓材料指的是從其他飛機上拆卸下來的發動機或系統，然後放到一塊板子上，這樣我們就可以教學生排除故障等。

While the labor force has faced shortages post-pandemic, it's also dealing with shifting trends.

雖然大流行後勞動力面臨短缺，但它也在應對不斷變化的趨勢。

In 2022, a survey of unemployed people in the U.S. showed nearly half wouldn't take a job that didn't offer remote work, a benefit not likely for someone who needs to physically fix an aircraft.

2022 年，一項針對美國失業人員的調查顯示，近一半的人不會接受不提供遠程工作的工作，而這對於需要親自修理飛機的人來說是不可能享受到的福利。

The entire world is going to feel this workforce shortage.

全世界都將感受到勞動力的短缺。