Name: 這家公司是中國對抗臺積電和三星的主要賭注 | 華爾街日報 (This Company Is China’s Main Bet Against TSMC and Samsung | WSJ)
Uploaded: 2025-05-13T02:51:18.000Z
Duration: 5 min 49 s

In the tech war between the US and China, Beijing lags behind on cutting-edge semiconductors, the chips that power everything from smartphones to artificial intelligence.

在中美兩國的科技戰爭中，中國政府在尖端半導體方面落後了，而這些芯片為從智能手機到人工智能等一切產品提供了動力。

轉承詞

The barrier to entry is really high because of the cost involved, the concentration in the industry and also the technical know-how.

由於涉及成本、行業集中度和技術訣竅，進入門檻確實很高。

Beijing's largest chipmaker, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation, or SMIC, plays a key role in China's push for chip self-sufficiency, but faces significant geopolitical challenges.

北京最大的芯片製造商中芯國際集成電路製造有限公司（簡稱 "中芯國際"）在中國推動芯片自給自足的過程中發揮著關鍵作用，但也面臨著重大的地緣政治挑戰。

In 2020, citing national security concerns, the US imposed export restrictions on the company, cutting off access to vital equipment needed to produce the most advanced chips and impacting its ability to close the gap with its larger rivals.

2020 年，美國以國家安全為由對該公司實施出口限制，切斷了該公司獲得生產最先進芯片所需的重要設備的管道，影響了其縮小與大型競爭對手差距的能力。

But US efforts to keep the company in check appear to have had the opposite effect.

但是，美國遏制該公司的努力似乎產生了相反的效果。

There is a growing awareness in Washington that there is an unintended consequence to the export controls, and this unintended consequence has been that China has been galvanised to create its own self-sufficient semiconductor industry.

華盛頓越來越意識到，出口管制會帶來意想不到的後果，而這個意想不到的後果就是，中國已被激發起來，創建自己的自給自足的半導體產業。

SMIC was founded in 2000 by Richard Chang, a Taiwanese-American and a veteran of the chip industry.

中芯國際由美籍臺灣人、芯片行業資深人士 Richard Chang 於 2000 年創立。

After studying in the US, Chang worked for American semiconductor giant Texas Instruments.

赴美留學後，Chang 在美國半導體巨頭德州儀器公司工作。

Later, he returned to Taiwan, where he founded Shida Semiconductor, which he then sold to Taiwan's TSMC, the world's most valuable semiconductor company.

後來，他回到臺灣，創辦了實達半導體公司，並將其賣給了世界上最有價值的半導體公司--臺灣台積電。

Chang then went to China, where he started SMIC.

隨後，張瑞敏前往中國，創辦了中芯國際集成電路製造有限公司。

Fast forward to today, you know, it's actually become quite a juggernaut in the space.

時至今日，它已成為該領域的巨無霸。

It's a decent chip foundry, but in terms of the ability to make advanced chips, it's been very constrained.

它是一家不錯的芯片代工廠，但在製造先進芯片的能力方面，它受到了很大的限制。

US export controls have made it really, really difficult or impossible to buy the same sort of chip-making equipment that allows them to make advanced chips at scale, in bulk, and at a low cost.

美國的出口管制使他們很難甚至不可能買到同樣的芯片製造設備，而這種設備可以讓他們大規模、批量、低成本地製造先進芯片。

Despite these difficulties, analysts believe SMIC is producing chips that can rival those produced by advanced factories in the US and Taiwan, including 7-nanometer chips like those found in Huawei phones last year.

儘管存在這些困難，但分析人士認為，中芯國際生產的芯片可以與美國和臺灣先進工廠生產的芯片相媲美，包括像去年華為手機中使用的 7 納米芯片。

Many people expected SMIC to be unable to make these chips, at least unable to make them in the quantities Huawei needed to sell, like, a high-end smartphone.

許多人都認為中芯國際無法生產這些芯片，至少無法按華為銷售高端智能手機所需的數量生產。

The speed of a chip is determined by how many transistors it contains.

芯片的速度取決於它包含多少個半導體。

The smaller the transistors, which are measured in nanometers, the more can be packed onto a chip, making it more powerful.

半導體的組織、部門是納米，半導體越小，芯片上可容納的半導體數量就越多，功能就越強大。

An industry teardown revealed that SMIC was the maker of these powerful chips that powered or enabled the smartphone to offer the intelligent capability that it did.

一項行業拆解顯示，中芯國際是這些強大芯片的製造商，這些芯片為智能手機提供了動力或使其具備了智能功能。

So that was really a wake-up call for Washington.

是以，這確實給華盛頓敲響了警鐘。

However, SMIC still lags behind, with its two biggest rivals, Taiwan's TSMC and South Korea's Samsung, aiming to produce even more advanced chips.

然而，中芯國際仍處於落後地位，其兩個最大的競爭對手--臺灣台積電和韓國三星--正致力於生產更先進的芯片。

TSMC and Samsung are now moving on to make 5-nanometer and 3-nanometer chips.

臺積電和三星目前正在生產 5 納米和 3 納米芯片。

SMIC is only at the point where they're making 7-nanometer chips, but in much smaller quantities and not the commercial quantities that China really needs.

中芯國際目前只是在生產 7 納米芯片，但數量要少得多，而且不是中國真正需要的商業數量。

But analysts believe that Beijing's ramp-up in production, a drive to produce chips locally and major government investments will help China catch up.

但分析人士認為，中國政府加大生產力度、推動芯片本地化生產以及政府的大量投資，將有助於中國迎頭趕上。

The last installment of the National Integrated Circuit Fund was $48 billion.

國家集成電路基金的上一期撥款為 480 億美元。

And that's money that's pumped in to grow the ecosystem, such as, you know, funding talent development programs, funding start-ups in this space, start-ups that are working on areas not just chip design, but, you know, chip production.

這些資金被注入到生態系統的發展中，比如，資助人才培養計劃，資助這一領域的初創企業，資助那些不僅從事芯片設計，還從事芯片生產的初創企業。

There are also start-ups that are working on, like, making semiconductor manufacturing equipment that China is blocked out from.

此外，還有一些初創企業正在研發半導體制造設備，而中國卻被擋在了門外。

So all that money is going in and it's helping to build a whole ecosystem domestically that China can tap into in the future when it comes to, like, semiconductors and chips.

是以，所有這些資金的進入，都有助於在國內建立一個完整的生態系統，讓中國未來在半導體和芯片等領域可以利用這個生態系統。

In addition, local companies are also waking up to the need for China to be more self-reliant.

此外，本土企業也意識到中國需要更加自力更生。

A lot of Chinese companies also saw the writing on the wall.

許多中國公司也看到了這一點。

So instead of just being a top-down effort by the Chinese government to push the localisation of the industry and push companies to use SMIC and not TSMC, Chinese companies decided that, you know, maybe we should divvy up a portion of our orders and pass it to a local company just in case we were cut off from Taiwanese foundries like TSMC or cut off from overseas chipmakers.

是以，與其說是中國政府自上而下地推動產業本地化，推動企業使用中芯國際而非臺積電，不如說是中國企業決定，也許我們應該把一部分訂單分給在地公司，以防我們被臺積電等臺灣代工廠或海外芯片製造商拒之門外。

After imposing retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods last month, China also issued new rules on determining the origin of semiconductor imports.

在上個月對美國商品徵收報復性關稅後，中國還發布了關於確定半導體進口原產地的新規定。

Some analysts believe this move could give domestic chipmakers like SMIC an advantage in gaining market share over its U.S. rivals.

一些分析師認為，此舉可能會使中芯國際等國內芯片製造商在搶佔美國競爭對手的市場份額方面獲得優勢。

更重要的是，美國最近的一項調查顯示

Senate committee hearing saw top players in the AI industry speak out on the looming threat of China's technological advancements.

在參議院委員會的聽證會上，人工智能行業的頂尖人物就中國技術進步帶來的迫在眉睫的威脅發表了看法。

As a matter of economic security, as a matter of national security, America has to beat China in the AI race.

作為經濟安全問題，作為國家安全問題，美國必須在人工智能競賽中擊敗中國。

China's a really innovative country and the fact of the matter is they're making inroads in aspects such as EVs, rechargeable batteries, AI.

中國是一個極具創新精神的國家，事實上，他們在電動汽車、充電電池、人工智能等方面都取得了長足進步。

It's much more difficult to make the same strides very quickly in chips.

在芯片方面，要想迅速取得同樣的進展要困難得多。

That said, the fact that China has made so much, so much inroads and so many strides in such short a time really shows me that China shouldn't be taken for granted and in a couple of years could be as formidable as some of the Western rivals.

儘管如此，中國在如此短的時間內取得了如此多的成就和進步，這確實向我表明，中國不應該被認為是理所當然的，再過幾年，中國可能會像某些西方競爭對手一樣強大。