a Norwegian explorer,

挪威探險家

a Tibetan monk,

西藏喇嘛

and an American pastor have in common?

及美國牧師，這幾個人有什麼共通點？

They were all awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

他們都是諾貝爾和平獎的得主

Among the top prestigious awards in the world,

諾貝爾和平獎是世界上最有聲望的獎項之一

this prize has honored some of the most celebrated

此獎項頒布給歷史上最著名

and revered international figures and organizations in history.

最受敬重的國際名人及組織

To understand how it all got started, we have to go back to the 1800s.

要了解諾貝爾和平獎是如何起源的，我們必須回朔到十九世紀

Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel

瑞典化學家阿爾弗雷德‧諾貝爾

was then mostly known for the invention of dynamite,

在當時以發明火藥聞名

a breakthrough which launched his career as a successful inventor

這項重大發現也讓他成為了成功的發明家

and businessman.

及商人

30 years later, he had become extremely wealthy,

三十年後，諾貝爾變得非常富裕

but never married,

但是終身未婚

and had no children.

沒有子女

When his will was opened after his death,

在他死後遺囑被人發現

it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for five prizes

令人驚訝的是他的財產都用在五個獎項上

in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.

即物理學獎、化學獎、醫學獎、文學獎，以及和平獎

These prizes illustrated his lifelong commitment to sciences

這些獎項說明了他終生對科學的奉獻

and his passion for literature.

以及對文學的熱忱

But what about peace?

那和平呢？

Because Nobel's name was tied to inventions used in the war industry,

因為諾貝爾這個名字與用在軍事工業的發明有關

many have assumed that he created the peace prize out of regret.

許多人都認為，他是出自於後悔才創造和平獎

However, this is all speculation as he never expressed any such sentiments,

然而，這些全屬臆測。他從未表達過任何後悔的情感

and his inventions were also used for constructive purposes.

而他的發明也有用在建設用途上

Instead, many historians connect Alfred Nobel's interest for the peace cause

不過，許多歷史學家認為諾貝爾之所以創造和平獎

to his decade-long friendship and correspondence

與他一直聯繫長達十年之久的好友

with an Austrian pacifist named Bertha Von Suttner.

澳洲和平主義者貝爾塔·馮·蘇特納有關

Von Suttner was one of the leaders of the international peace movement,

馮·蘇特納是國際和平運動的領導者之一

and in 1905, after Nobel's death,

1905年諾貝爾逝世後

she became the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

她成為了諾貝爾和平獎第一位女性得主

Nobel's will outlined three criteria for the Peace Prize,

諾貝爾的遺囑概述了和平獎得獎的三個評斷標準

which unlike the other Sweden-based prizes,

和平獎與其它在瑞典頒發的獎項不同

would be administered in Norway.

此獎項是由挪威負責頒發

Disarmament, peace congresses, and brotherhood between nations.

三項標準是：裁減軍備、和平議會及國家友好

These standards have since been expanded

這些標準已經擴展

to include other ways of promoting peace,

包含了其它提倡和平的方式

such as human rights and negotiations.

例如人權及協商

And the prize doesn't just have to go to one person.

而和平獎也不一定要頒給個人

About a third of Noble Peace Prizes have been shared

大約有三分之一的和平獎獎項

by two or three laureates.

是由二至三位得獎者共享

So how do nominations for the prize work?

那麼獎項的提名過程是怎麼運作的呢？

According to the Nobel Foundation,

根據諾貝爾基金會

a valid nomination can come from a member of a national assembly,

由以下組織的成員提名才算有效：國民大會

state government,

州政府

or an international court.

或是國際法庭

Eligible nominators also include university rectors,

有資格提名的人也包括大學校長

professors of the social sciences, history, philosophy, law, and theology,

社會科學、歷史、哲學、法律、神學等領域的教授

and previous recipients of the Peace Prize.

以及前和平獎得主

But if you want to know more about who was recently nominated,

但如果你想知道誰最近獲得提名

you'll have to be patient.

就得要耐心點

All information about nominations remains secret for 50 years.

所有與提名的有關的資訊要保密50年

Take Martin Luther King Jr.

以小馬丁‧路德‧金恩為例

We didn't actually know who nominated him until 2014.

我們直到2014前都還不知道是誰提名他

His nominators turned out to be the Quakers,

結果提名他的人是

who had won the prize previously,

曾經獲得和平獎的貴格會教徒

and eight members of the Swedish Parliament.

以及八名瑞典議會的成員

There's no limit to the number of times a person or organization can be nominated.

個人或組織能夠受到提名的次數不限

In fact, Jane Addams,

其實，珍‧亞當斯

recognized as the founder of social work in the United States,

公認是美國社會工作的奠基者

was nominated 91 times before finally being awarded the prize.

被提名了91次之後才獲獎

The absence of a laureate can also be symbolic.

得獎者從缺也很具有象徵意義

The 1948 decision not to award the prize following the death of Mahatma Gandhi

1948年聖雄甘地死後，委員會決定不把獎項頒給他

has been interpreted as an attempt to respectfully honor

此舉被解讀為對已故得獎者

the so-called missing laureate.

恭敬地致上敬意

As with the other Nobel Prizes,

和平獎與其他幾項的諾貝爾獎一樣

the Peace Prize can't be awarded posthumously.

皆不能頒布給已逝世的人

The secret selection process takes almost a year,

諾貝爾獎選出得獎者的過程要花幾乎一年的時間

and is carried out by the five appointed members

由挪威諾貝爾委員會中

of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

五位受指派的成員執行整個過程

who are forbidden from having any official political function in Norway.

這幾位成員不能擁有任何挪威的政治職務

Starting with a large pool of nominations,

提名過程最初先大量提名候選人

exceeding 300 in recent years,

近年來數量都超過300人

they access each candidate's work and create a short list.

委員會先了解每個獲選人的貢獻，接著再列出初選名單

Finally, the chairman of the Nobel Committee

最後，諾貝爾委員會的主席

publicly announces the laureate in October.

十月時會公開宣布得獎者

The awards ceremony takes place on December 10th,

頒獎典禮則在12月10日舉行

the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.

這天也是諾貝爾的逝世紀念日

The prize itself includes a gold medal

和平獎含有一面勳章

inscribed with the Latin words, "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium,"

上頭刻著拉丁文，寫道：「Pro pace et fraternitate gentium」

or "For the peace and brotherhood of men,"

即為「為了人類的和平及友好」

as well as a diploma and a large cash prize.

此外也會獲得一張獎狀及一大筆獎金

Recently, it's been 8 million Swedish kronor,

至於有多位得獎者的情況

or roughly a million US dollars,

近年來是得獎者平分八百萬瑞典克朗

which is split in the case of multiple laureates.

大約是一百萬美金

And while laureates can use the prize money as they choose,

雖然得獎者可以自由運用這筆獎金

in recent years, many have donated it to humanitarian or social causes.

不過近年來，很多人以人道或社會為由，將錢捐贈出去

For many years, the Nobel Peace Prize was predominately awarded

多年來，諾貝爾和平獎絕大部分的得獎者

to European and North American men.

都是歐洲人及北美人

But in recent years, significant changes have been taking place,

但近年來有了重大的改變

making the prize more global than ever.

獎項比以往更拓展到了全球

23 organizations and 103 individuals,

23個組織及103人

that's 87 men and 16 women,

共87位男性、16位女性

have made up the 126 Nobel Peace Prize laureates in history.

這些人即為歷史上126位諾貝爾和平獎得獎者

They include Desmond Tutu for his nonviolent campaign against apartheid

其中包含了德斯蒙德杜圖，反對南非種族隔離制度

in South Africa,

而發起和平抗爭運動

Jody Williams for her campaign to ban and clear anti-personnel mines,

參與禁止及清除具殺傷力地雷運動的喬迪‧威廉斯

Rigoberta Menchú Tum for her work for social justice and reconciliation

為社會正義及和解努力的里戈韋塔門楚

based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples,

以尊重土著人民權利為基礎

Martti Ahtisaari for his efforts to resolve international conflicts

馬爾蒂阿赫蒂薩里，致力於解決

in Namibia, Kosovo, and Indonesia,

納米比亞、科索沃及印度等國國際爭端

and Aung San Suu Kyi for her nonviolent struggle for democracy

翁山蘇姬為緬甸民主及人權

and human rights in Myanmar.

發起和平抗爭

They're just a few examples of the people who have inspired us,

這些人只是其中幾個例子，他們激勵了我們

challenged us,

刺激我們

and demonstrated through their actions

他們透過行動

that there are many paths to peace.

展示了通往和平的許多道路