Name: 江戶時代日本的真實生活 (1603-1868) 揭祕！ (Life in Edo Japan (1603-1868))
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Life in Edo, Japan 1603-1868 after having taken power through the epic battle of Sekigahara, the Tokugawa family inaugurated a period characterized by a fast and economical and urban growth, ensuring their power for the next two and a half centuries.

繼關原之戰後掌權，德川家族開啟了日本江戶時代（1603-1868），這段時期以快速的經濟和都市成長為特色，鞏固了他們未來兩個半世紀的統治。

Like many other social realities at that time, Japan had a highly rigid social structure.

就像當時許多其他社會現實一樣，日本擁有高度僵化的社會結構。

Even though the emperor was at the top of the hierarchy, the Shogun had the effective power which made him the actual head of the state.

雖然天皇位居階級頂端，但實權掌握在幕府將軍手中，他才是國家的實際領導者。

Below him, the daimyo ensured the control of the regions.

在他之下，大名負責管理各區域。

Japan was divided into collecting taxes and ruling over the local samurai.

日本被劃分，負責徵稅並統治當地的武士。

Until that time, samurai had a prestigious role, for they were the best symbol of value and honor, fearless of the possible death that would have occurred in one of the frequent civil wars Japan was used to.

在那之前，武士扮演著備受尊敬的角色，他們是價值和榮譽的最佳象徵，無懼於日本經常發生的內戰所帶來的死亡。

However, the stability launched by the Shogunate led to a gradual decline of this role, driving many samurai to give up their code and confound themselves with the habits of commoners.

然而，幕府將軍推動的穩定局面，導致武士的角色逐漸衰落，許多武士是以放棄了他們的武士道，融入了平民的生活習慣。

Located at the bottom of the social hierarchy, merchants, peasants and artisans were free of any moral code and judgment and could spend their free time in the infamous pleasure districts, indulging in amusements and gambling.

位於社會階級底層的商人、農民和工匠，不受任何道德規範和評判的約束，可以在閒暇時光沉溺於聲名狼藉的風化區，享受娛樂和賭博。

Although formally the capital was Kyoto, the residence of the Emperor, the power center of the Bakufu, and

雖然名義上的首都還是京都，是天皇的居所，但幕府的權力中心，

the most important city in the country was Edo, today's Tokyo in the eastern part of the country.

也是全國最重要的城市，卻是江戶，也就是現今位於國家東部的東京。

Chosen by the Bakufu power base merely for strategic reasons, Edo became the leader of a massive expansion caused by natural economic development.

江戶僅因戰略考量被幕府選為根據地，卻因大規模的經濟發展而成為領頭羊。

It was 1603 when Tokugawa Ieyasu moved the shogunate powerhouse into what was only a small village esteemed for its position in the eastern part of the country, where Tokugawa's allies were largely located.

德川家康在 1603 年將幕府權力中心遷至當時僅是個小村莊的江戶，這個村莊因位於德川盟友較多的東部地區而備受重視。

Following the custom, all the daimyo in the country were obliged to have a second residence in Edo and to attend there every other year.

依照慣例，全國的大名都必須在江戶設有第二處居所，並且每兩年輪流前往居住。

Perhaps the harshest stipulation placed upon them was that their wives and children had to remain behind in the city when they returned to their own domains, effectively keeping them hostage, although their conditions would be quite comfortable as long as they didn't try to leave the city.

對他們最嚴苛的規定或許是，當他們返回各自領地時，妻小必須留在江戶，實際上形同人質，不過只要他們不試圖離開，生活條件也會相當優渥。

This was all to prove the daimyo's loyalty to the Shogun in assuring there would be no kind of revolutionary act.

這一切都是為了證明大名對幕府將軍的忠誠，確保不會有任何革命行動。

Daimyo also had to swear an oath of loyalty, as it was forbidden to conclude alliances among themselves.

大名也必須宣誓效忠，因為禁止他們之間結盟。

Tokugawa's grandson Imitsu would confiscate daimyo lands and give them to other lords if he didn't trust them, daimyo had an inner hierarchy.

德川的孫子德川家光若不信任某些大名，就會沒收他們的土地並轉贈給其他領主，大名之間有內部階級。

Depending on the level of trust the shogun had towards them.

這取決於幕府將軍對他們的信任程度。

The ones placed at the bottom of the rank were usually sent to rule the faraway provinces.

排名較低的通常會被派去管理偏遠的省份。

As daimyo and samurai livened up the former fisherman's village, artisans and merchants congregated to the city, sensing great business opportunities and contributed to the development of a modern metropolis which was able to pass in only 50 years from a few thousand residents to 400,000.

隨著大名和武士讓這個曾經的漁村變得熱鬧起來，工匠和商人也聚集到這裡，嗅到了絕佳的商機，並為這座現代大都市的發展做出了貢獻，這座城市在短短 50 年內就從幾千居民發展到 40 萬人。

The number of sento, or public baths, rose exponentially, and

錢湯，也就是公共浴池的數量呈指數級增長，

soon they became an important meeting point for all the population.

很快就成為了所有居民重要的社交場所。

The great success of the sento is also due to the Yuna masseuses that mainly had to clean the customer's back, but

錢湯之所以如此成功，也要歸功於湯女按摩師，她們主要負責清潔顧客的背部，但

could occasionally also perform for them, playing music, singing or dancing.

偶爾也會為顧客表演，演奏音樂、唱歌或跳舞。

Tokugawa Ieyasu wanted Edo Castle to be a symbol of his supremacy, and

德川家康希望江戶城成為他至高無上權力的象徵，

he financed its reconstruction, which took more than four decades to complete.

並出資重建，這項工程耗時四十多年才完工。

Edo Castle was sacred and impenetrable, but an exception was made for the Kandamatsuri.

江戶城是神聖且堅不可摧的，但神田祭卻是個例外。

In order to celebrate the Sekigahara victory, Tokugawa Ieyasu launched the Kanda Festival, which took the name from the nerve center of Edo.

為了慶祝關原的勝利，德川家康發起了神田祭，這個祭典的名字取自江戶的中心地帶。

The event had to be as peculiar and lavish as possible in order to show the greatness of the ruler.

這場活動必須盡可能奇特又盛大，才能展現統治者的偉大。

Only on that occasion did the fleet floats have permission to cross the castle walls.

只有在那時候，船隻裝飾的花車才能越過城牆。

Only one castle was allowed within the limits of Edo.

在江戶的範圍內，只允許存在一座城堡。

The other existing fortresses in the rest of the country, at this point, useless for their defending functions, were used as luxurious homes by the daimyo.

當時國內其他現存的堡壘，因為防禦功能已不再重要，被大名用作豪華的住所。

Geographically speaking, Edo was overlooked by an elevated area, Yamanote, that looked at the castle to the north, south and west, where the upper class residents were.

從地理位置來看，江戶被稱為山手的高地所俯瞰，這塊區域朝北、南、西三面俯視著城堡，住著上層階級的居民。

The lower area, Shitamachi, placed at the east of the castle, was surrounded by channels and hosted the lower classes.

位於城堡東邊的下町地區，被水道環繞，住著下層階級。

The urban landscape was adjusted constantly throughout the years.

A fast growth urged easy to build constructions, and

快速的發展催生了容易建造的建築，

the abundance of wooden houses was the cause of the numerous fires which periodically burned down the city.

而木造房屋的充斥，則是造成城市週期性被燒毀的無數火災的原因。

One such event was the Medeki Fire, which occurred in 1657.

其中一次這樣的事件是明曆大火，發生在西元1657年。

It's estimated that 100,000 people died in this tragedy.

據估計，這場悲劇造成了十萬人死亡。

The event resulted in new standards for the urban layout, and

這場事件促成了城市規劃的新標準，

gradually Edo was thrown into the modern era, growing to host 1 million inhabitants.

漸漸地，江戶進入了現代，人口成長到一百萬。

In 1720, the streets of Edo were busy with activity.

西元1720年，江戶的街道上充滿了各種活動。

You'd see merchants selling their wares on the streets, such as books, tea and rare textiles coming from the overseas territories.

你會看到商人在街上販售他們的商品，像是來自海外領地的書籍、茶葉和稀有紡織品。

Vendors of all kinds shouted out, seeking the attention of a potential customers walking by, trying to attract them to their stand, selling Dried eels, soba noodles, boiled beans, rice, fried tofu and sushi, vitalizing the streets of the city.

各式各樣的攤販大聲叫賣，吸引路過的潛在顧客，試圖將他們拉到自己的攤位，販售烤鰻魚、蕎麥麵、水煮豆子、米飯、炸豆腐和壽司，讓這座城市的街道充滿活力。

People loved to gather for outdoor activities such as cherry blossom viewing and full moon viewing, known as skimmy.

人們喜歡聚集在戶外活動，像是賞櫻花和賞月，稱為「花見」。

Summer festivals were full of stands with merchandise coming from all over the country, and

夏日祭典充滿了來自全國各地的商品攤位，

the most spectacular part of it were the extraordinary fireworks.

其中最壯觀的部分是令人驚嘆的煙火。

These were Buddhist priests with a distinctive outfit that included a woven basket completely covering the head.

這些是佛教僧侶，穿著獨特的服飾，頭上戴著一個完全遮蓋頭部的編織籃子。

The monks wandered the country playing music and collecting alms.

這些僧侶在日本各地遊走，演奏音樂並化緣。

The basket was believed to strip the wearer of his ego and also had the added benefit of obscuring his identity from any prying eyes, which was useful as some monks also acted as spies for the Shogunate.

據信這個籃子能剝奪佩戴者的自我，同時還有一個好處，就是能隱藏他們的身份，不被窺探，這很有用，因為有些僧侶也擔任幕府的間諜。

It was pretty common to see religious spokesmen at every corner, attempting to convert people and raise funds for their temples.

在每個角落都能看到宗教發言人，試圖讓人們皈依並為他們的寺廟籌款，這很常見。

Although Neo Confucianism was the official belief of the state, Buddhism and Shintoism were commonly accepted.

雖然新儒學是國家的官方信仰，但佛教和神道教被普遍接受。

Japan's isolation from foreign powers began a few decades after the beginning of the Edo era, and

日本與外國隔絕始於江戶時代開始後的幾十年，

it was mainly caused by the fear of the Christian message and the spread of Western values.

這主要是由於對基督教訊息和西方價值觀傳播的恐懼所致。

The country did not involve itself with the events occurring abroad, keeping their diplomatic relations with only a handful of countries and just for the purpose of trading.

國家不參與國外發生的事件，只與少數幾個國家保持外交關係，而且僅為了貿易目的。

Tokugawa's rigid Neo Confucian values were intended to be the basis for a respectful and feared environment around the rulers.

德川嚴格的新儒學價值觀旨在成為統治者周圍一個受人尊敬且令人敬畏的環境的基礎。

But the Shogunate did not mean to force this philosophy to the lower classes.

但幕府並沒有打算將這種哲學強加給下層階級。

This was both to avoid an oppressive regime that would have led to revolts and to keep a significant distance between the values of the upper class and the ones of the commoners.

這既是為了避免壓迫性的政權導致起義，也是為了與平民保持距離。

A large amount of freedom, combined with a vast and unexpected wealth led the merchants to have a hedonistic lifestyle, which they did in the so called pleasure districts like the famous Yoshiwara district.

大量的自由加上意外的巨額財富，讓商人過著享樂主義的生活，他們在所謂的遊廓，像是著名的吉原區。

Though samurai were discouraged from entering the area, they did so too often in disguise as a commoner.

雖然武士被禁止進入該區域，但他們常常偽裝成平民偷偷前往。

This so called floating world fostered a creation of hundreds of artworks set in this environment, inspiring the Ukiyo I technique.

這個所謂的「浮世繪」孕育了數百件以此為背景的藝術創作，啟發了「浮世繪」技法。

Celebrated as one of the most famous valuable art forms in Japan.

被譽為日本最著名且珍貴的藝術形式之一。

Kabuki theater was a popular entertainment form among the lower classes, especially the merchants more inclined to indulge in amusements than farmers and artisans.

歌舞伎劇場是下層階級，尤其是商人，比農民和工匠更傾向於沉迷於娛樂的流行娛樂形式。

Due also to the greater wealth they could rely on.

這也歸因於他們能依賴的更豐厚財富。

Kabuki identified itself with the commoners, appealing to many for its fresh plots.

歌舞伎與平民認同，以其新鮮的劇情吸引了許多人。

To the extent that samurai also used to disguise themselves to enjoy the performances.

甚至連武士也曾偽裝自己來欣賞表演。

Dried riverbeds hosted any kind of exhibitions, such as stunts performed by dogs and monkeys.

乾涸的河床會舉辦各種展覽，像是狗狗和猴子表演的特技。

These divertisements were obviously associated with the pariah class, forbade to enter ordinary buildings and assist higher forms of theater.

這些娛樂活動顯然與賤民階級有關，他們被禁止進入一般建築物，也無法觀賞更高層次的戲劇。

In order to keep the peace and safeguarding its power, the Bakufu dictated specific controls to whoever tried to get into Edo or in other major cities.

為了維持和平並鞏固權力，幕府對任何試圖進入江戶或其他主要城市的人實施了嚴格的管制。

Government guards were stationed at checkpoints and checked the passports of people going in and out and look for any weapons coming into the city.

政府衛兵駐守在檢查站，檢查進出人員的護照，並搜查任何帶入城內的武器。

This way, organizing eventual revolts became almost impossible.

這樣一來，組織潛在的叛亂幾乎是不可能的。

The checkpoints were also used to collect tolls from travelers.

檢查站也用於向旅客收取通行費。

The Bakufu began to creak in 1853 when Commodore Perry and his fleet of modern warships appeared in Edo Bay with the goal of getting Japan to sign an agreement opening its ports to American trade.

1853年，當培裡準將率領現代戰艦隊出現在江戶灣，目標是讓日本簽署開放港口與美國貿易的協議時，幕府開始出現動搖。

People became aware of the consequences of the isolation that had lasted for more than 200 years and the underdevelopments present compared to the rest of the world.

人們意識到長達兩百多年的鎖國政策所帶來的後果，以及與世界其他地區相比的落後之處。

A general discontent arose and in just a few years the Emperor's army was reorganized.

民眾普遍感到不滿，幾年內天皇的軍隊就完成了重組。

The Imperial forces subjugated the Bakufu in a brief Civil War in 1868, when the last Shogun, Yoshinobu gave up his power in favor of Emperor Meiji, who introduced the Enlightenment era in Japan.

1868年，在最後一位幕府將軍德川慶喜將權力交還給明仁天皇後，天皇的軍隊在短暫的內戰中擊敗了幕府，明仁天皇開啟了日本的啟蒙時代。

During the Tokugawa Shogunate, Edo's destiny changed radically, transforming its identity and passing from being a small village without any relevance to an immense, immense metropolis and symbol of the country, Edo became the best inheritance the Shogunate could leave to the new rulers.

在德川幕府統治時期，江戶的命運發生了翻天覆地的變化，它改變了自己的身份，從一個毫無關聯的小村莊變成了一個巨大無比的大都市和國家的象徵，江戶成為了幕府能留給新統治者的最佳資產。

Emperor Meiji chose to keep investing in the city, moving the empire domicile from Kyoto.

明仁天皇選擇繼續投資這座城市，將帝國的居所從京都遷來。

After more than a millennium, the Emperor also changed the name of the city to Tokyo, meaning Capital of the East.

一千多年後，天皇也將這座城市的名字改為東京，意為「東方之都」。

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