Name: 化身羅馬公民的日本武士！ (The Samurai Who Became A Roman Citizen)
Uploaded: 2026-01-31T16:59:52.000Z
Duration: 13 min 48 s

For two months, they were in the Pacific.

他們在太平洋上漂流了兩個月。

The samurai, Hasakura Tsunenaga, the Franciscan friar Luis sotello, and

武士支倉常長、方濟會修士路易斯·索特羅，

過去完成式

around 180 other Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish men, many of whom had never been in the open ocean before, had never experienced its great tempests and storms.

以及約180名其他的日本人、葡萄牙人和西班牙人，其中許多人從未出過海，也沒經歷過大海的狂風暴雨。

I guess there's a first time for everything.

The Kaicho Embassy, as it was called later, left Japan on October 28, 1613, heading east aboard the San Juan Batista.

後來被稱為「慶長遣歐使節團」的隊伍，於1613年10月28日搭乘「聖胡安·包蒂斯塔號」離開日本，朝東航行。

On December 26, almost two months later, they finally sighted land at Cape Mendocino, 200 miles north of what is now San Francisco.

兩個月後的12月26日，他們終於在門多西諾角看到了陸地，這裡位於現今舊金山以北200英里處。

If they stopped here, they did so briefly to restock before continuing down the coast to their official destination, Acapulco, a vital port city in what is modern day Mexico, but

如果他們在這裡停留，那也只是短暫地補充物資，然後繼續沿海岸前往他們的官方目的地——阿卡普爾科。阿卡普爾科是今日墨西哥一個重要的港口城市，

what was then a colony of Imperial Imperial Spain called New Spain.

但當時是Imperial Imperial Spain（西班牙帝國）稱為New Spain（新西班牙）的殖民地。

By the time hasakura arrived in January 1614, the Spanish had controlled the region for almost a century, ever since the conquest of Hernan Cortez brought about the fall of the Aztec Empire.

當支倉在1614年1月抵達時，西班牙人已經控制該地區近一個世紀了，自從Hernan Cortez（赫南·科爾特斯）征服並導致Aztec Empire（阿茲特克帝國）滅亡以來。

Acapulco was an important part of a mature imperial system of trade, connecting New Spain to the Philippines, another Spanish colony.

阿卡普爾科是一個成熟的貿易帝國體系的重要組成部分，連接New Spain（新西班牙）與另一個西班牙殖民地菲律賓。

But the administration of New Spain wasn't run from Acapulco.

不過，新西班牙的行政管理並不是由阿卡普爾科來運作的。

It was run from Mexico City, further inland.

而是由內陸的墨西哥城來管理。

But before he disembarks, let's remind ourselves of the goals of this embassy.

但在他下船之前，我們要先回顧一下這次使節團的目標。

Goals devised by the embassy's main sponsor, Date Masamune, the feudal lord of Sendai.

這些目標是由使節團的主要贊助人、仙台的封建領主伊達政宗所構思的。

With the blessing of the Shogun and the help of Sotelo, they were twofold.

在幕府將軍的祝福和索特羅的協助下，目標有兩項。

First, to get the Spanish king Philip III to authorize trade between Japan and New Spain.

第一，爭取西班牙國王腓力三世準許日本與新西班牙之間的貿易。

And second, to get Pope Paul V to authorize the sending of more missionaries, Franciscan ones, if Sotelo had his way to to Date's domain now, achieving these goals was always gonna be an uphill battle.

第二，爭取教宗保祿五世準許派遣更多傳教士，如果索特羅能如願，將會是方濟會士，前往伊達的領地，不過要達成這些目標，始終是一場艱難的戰鬥。

As I showed in the previous video, Christianity was on the back foot in Japan.

正如我在上一部影片中提到的，基督教在日本已經處於劣勢。

When Tokugawa Ieyasu became Shogun in 1603.

當德川家康於1603年成為幕府將軍時。

He was initially pragmatically tolerant of the foreign religion, in part because he held out hopes for and worked toward a trading relationship with the Spanish.

他起初對外來宗教採取務實的容忍態度，部分原因是他對與西班牙的貿易關係抱持希望並為此努力。

But by the time the kaicho embassy left 10 years later, he had made little progress on the trade front, while becoming increasingly convinced that Christianity was a thing threat to his political control.

但到了十年後遣使團出發時，他在貿易方面卻沒什麼進展，同時越來越確信基督教對他的政治統治構成威脅。

In 1612, he issued an edict prohibiting Christianity on Tokugawa lands, which comprised around a third of the country.

1612年，他頒布了一項禁令，禁止在德川領地內傳播基督教，而德川領地約佔全國三分之一。

The fact that Iyasu sanctioned Date Masamune's embassy shows that he was still open to trade talks as late as 1613.

家康準許了伊達政宗的遣使團，這表明至遲在1613年他仍對貿易談判持開放態度。

All that said, the two leaders of Date's embassy still had hope.

儘管如此，伊達遣使團的兩位領袖仍抱持希望。

And they carried that hope first to Mexico City, where hasakura arrived in March 1614, then onto Veracruz, where a smaller group of around 30 boarded a Spanish ship and sailed into the Atlantic.

他們帶著希望，首先前往墨西哥城，支倉在1614年3月抵達，接著前往韋拉克魯斯，在那裡約30人的小團體登上了一艘西班牙船，駛入大西洋。

They stopped for a month in Cuba before reaching the Spanish port city of San Lucar de Barrameda in October.

他們在古巴停留了一個多月，然後於10月抵達西班牙港口城市聖盧卡爾德巴拉梅達。

From here, the embassy proceeded to Sevilla Sotelo's hometown, then to Madrid, where Hasakura was granted a formal audience with King Philip III on January 30, 1615.

從這裡，遣使團前往索特羅的家鄉塞維亞，然後到馬德里，支倉於1615年1月30日獲得了與西班牙國王腓力三世的正式會面。

By the time Hasakura arrived in Madrid, the king had already made up his mind about Date's proposals.

等到支倉抵達馬德里時，國王已經對伊達的提議打定主意了。

His embassy played an important part in that decision, just not in the way they thought.

他的遣使團在那個決定中扮演了重要角色，只是方式跟他們想的不一樣。

As I said earlier, in the years before the Kaicho Embassy, the Shogun had made overtures to the Spanish court asking for direct trade with the port in Acapulco, as well as navigational and shipbuilding knowledge.

就像我之前說的，在慶長遣歐使節團之前的幾年，幕府曾向西班牙宮廷提出請求，希望與阿卡普爾科的港口進行直接貿易，並學習航海和造船知識。

King Philip and his advisors were wary of these requests for a few reasons.

腓力國王和他的顧問們因為幾個原因對這些請求保持謹慎。

As it stood, Spain held an effective monopoly on trade in the Pacific, and

當時的情況是，西班牙在太平洋貿易方面擁有實際上的壟斷權，而且

that trade ran exclusively through Acapulco and Manila.

這些貿易完全是透過阿卡普爾科和馬尼拉進行的。

It took them decades to figure out a safe route across the ocean, especially in the eastbound direction.

他們花了幾十年才找到一條安全的跨洋航線，特別是往東行的方向。

And this information was as tightly guarded as a state secret.

而這些資訊就像國家機密一樣被嚴密保護著。

Giving Japan access to the Pacific would risk turning this exclusive imperial corridor into a shared commercial space.

讓日本進入太平洋，可能會冒著將這個獨特的帝國通道變成共享商業空間的風險。

這會繞過馬尼拉，進而削弱它的地位。

It could potentially open the American coasts to new threats of piracy.

這可能會讓美洲海岸面臨新的海盜威脅。

And it would set a precedent that Spain didn't want to set.

而且這會樹立一個西班牙不希望出現的先例。

By engaging with Japan in a limited way, they could integrate the Japanese into the imperial system, maintaining control while expanding their global influence and boxing out European rivals like the English and the Dutch.

透過有限度地與日本接觸，他們可以將日本人整合進帝國體系，在維持控制的同時擴大全球影響力，並將英國和荷蘭等歐洲競爭對手排除在外。

A direct route would also provide easier access for Catholic missionaries.

一條直達航線也能讓天主教傳教士更容易抵達。

After long deliberations, Philip finally decided to allow one ship per year to make the round trip from Acapulco to Japan and back, but

經過長時間的討論，菲利普最終決定允許每年有一艘船往返於阿卡普爾科和日本之間，但

It had to be crewed by only the Spanish, and

Japanese merchants would not be permitted to come to New Spain.

The King made his decision in the summer of 1613.

Just a few months later, a 500 ton Japanese merchant built ship showed up uninvited at Acapulco, partly crewed by Japanese sailors and carrying a number of Japanese merchants with Japanese goods.

幾個月後，一艘500噸的日本商船未經邀請就出現在Acapulco，船員部分是日本水手，載著不少日本商人及日本貨物。

As Joshua Batts notes, the arrival of the San Juan Batista vindicated all of Spain's anxieties.

正如Joshua Batts所指出的，San Juan Batista號的出現證實了西班牙所有的擔憂。

What the members of the Kaicho Embassy couldn't know is that the first goal of their mission had already been achieved before they even left Japan, and

而Kaicho Embassy的成員們不知道的是，他們任務的第一個目標在他們離開日本前就已經達成了，

that the embassy itself would put that success in jeopardy.

而且這次使節團本身反而會危及這項成功。

Upon landing in Acapulco, a number of Japanese beat and stabbed one of their own Spanish passengers, Sebastian Vizcaino.

抵達Acapulco後，有幾名日本人毆打並刺傷了一名西班牙乘客Sebastian Vizcaino。

According to a local witness, Viscano was a colorful and prickly character, an explorer and diplomat who did not like Sotelo and proceeded to air his grievances.

根據當地目擊者說法，Vizcaino是個個性鮮明又難搞的人物，一位探險家兼外交官，他不喜歡Sotelo，並開始抱怨。

In a scathing letter to King Philip, he accused the Japanese of stealing, stealing gifts from the shogun that he was personally entrusted to deliver to the king.

他在一封給Philip國王的嚴厲信件中，指控日本人偷竊，偷走了Shogun贈送給國王的、他個人負責轉交的禮物。

The Japanese alleged the opposite, that Viscayno tried to steal the gifts, and

日本人則聲稱恰恰相反，說Vizcaino試圖偷走這些禮物，

In his letter, Viscaino warned the Spanish not to trust Sotelo and suggested that the embassy was just a pretense to send Japanese goods to Spain.

Vizcaino在信中警告西班牙人不要相信Sotelo，並暗示這次使節團只是個幌子，目的是將日本的貨物運往西班牙。

Spanish officials were confused and dismayed by these internal conflicts, and

西班牙官員對這些內部衝突感到困惑和沮喪，

that only soured their appetite for trade even more.

這讓他們對貿易的胃口更加不佳。

And to make matters even worse, worse, the arrival of the San Juan Batista also brought reports of increasing Christian persecution in Japan.

更糟的是，San Juan Batista號的到來還帶來了日本基督教迫害加劇的報告。

As Batt says, this fracture pointed to a deeper problem.

正如Batt所說，這種分裂指向了一個更深層次的問題。

Even though the Kaicho Embassy was sanctioned by Ieyasu, Japan's ruler kept his distance from it.

即使Kaicho Embassy得到了Ieyasu的準許，日本統治者也與其保持距離。

The representatives were his, so were the gifts.

The Spanish knew that Date was not the ruler of Japan, so his ambassadors really didn't have the legitimacy or authority to make deals with a monarch.

西班牙人知道Date並非日本的統治者，所以他的使節並沒有真正能與君主做交易的合法性或權威。

Eventually realizing this, Sotelo shifted his strategy.

Sotelo最終意識到這一點，便改變了他的策略。

He leaned into the second goal and did everything he could to show that the Japanese were eager to join the Catholic faith.

他轉而專注於第二個目標，並盡一切努力證明日本人渴望加入天主教信仰。

In Mexico City, around 60 of the Japanese passengers were baptized.

在Mexico City，約有60名日本乘客接受了洗禮。

Hasakura held back until he reached Madrid, where his own spiritual rebirth could have its greatest effect.

Hasakura一直等到抵達Madrid，他的個人精神重生才能產生最大的影響。

The samurai was eventually baptized on February 17, 17, 1615, in the church of the Discaus Nuns in the presence of His Majesty the King.

這位武士最終於1615年2月17日，在His Majesty the King的見證下，於Discaus Nuns的教堂裡接受了洗禮。

Was Hasakura's conversion genuine or opportunistic?

Hasakura的轉變是真誠的還是投機的？

Did he really believe, or did he do it merely to help the mission achieve its economic goals?

他是真的相信，還是僅僅為了幫助傳教團達成經濟目標而這麼做？

I don't think we'll ever really know for sure, but

我覺得我們永遠無法真正確定，但是

what we do know is that his conversion did not change Philip's mind.

我們知道的是，他的改信並沒有改變 Philip 的想法。

The Spaniards were courteous to the Keicho Embassy, but

西班牙人對 Keicho Embassy 相當客氣，但

before before long, they were eager to be rid of them.

沒過多久，他們就急著想送走他們了。

So the mission moved east again to Barcelona, where They boarded another ship and sailed first to Saint Tropez, then to Genoa, and

於是，這個使團又往東移動到 Barcelona，在那裡他們搭上了另一艘船，先航行到 Saint Tropez，然後到 Genoa，

finally to Civitavecchia, the port of Rome, where they landed on October 18, 1615.

最後抵達羅馬的港口 Civitavecchia，並於1615年10月18日在那裡登陸。

From here, they made their way inland to the Eternal city, arriving at 11:30pm on October 25, and

從這裡，他們一路向內陸前進，前往永恆之城，並於10月25日晚上11點30分抵達，

proceeded directly to the Kirinal palace of the Pope, where Hasakura kissed the feet of His Holiness sometime after midnight.

並在午夜過後不久，直接前往教宗的 Kirinal 宮殿，Hasakura 在那裡親吻了教宗的腳。

The embassy had made it to the heart of Christendom on Earth.

這個使團終於抵達了人間的基督教世界中心。

On October 29, two years and a day after they left Japan, Hasakura and his entourage processed on horseback through the streets of Rome in great fanfare and fancy dress, accompanied by Roman nobles through streets and piazzas filled with cheering crowds eager to see the ambassadors from the other side of the world.

10月29日，也就是他們離開日本的兩年零一天後，Hasakura 和他的隨從騎著馬，盛裝打扮，在羅馬街頭隆重遊行，羅馬貴族們陪同他們穿過擠滿了熱情歡呼人群的街道和廣場，人們渴望一睹來自世界另一端的使節。

And a few days later, Hasakura, the samurai from Japan, was made an official citizen of the Eternal City.

幾天後，來自日本的武士 Hasakura，被正式授予了永恆之城的公民身份。

This papal march was the greatest triumph of the Kaicho Embassy, but it was a symbolic one.

這場教宗的遊行是 Kaicho Embassy 最盛大的勝利，但只不過是象徵性的。

In the end, symbolic successes were the only kind they could achieve.

說到底，他們只能取得象徵性的成功。

The pope would not or could not make any official determination on the embassy's requests.

教宗對於使團的請求，不是不願，就是無法做出任何官方的決定。

他將決定權交給了西班牙王室。

After what he'd seen, Philip shut down the possibility for direct trade and authorized a handful of more missionaries to be sent from Manila if, and

在見識過後，Philip 關閉了直接貿易的可能性，並授權如果，而且

only if, the officials there deemed it worthwhile.

只有在當地官員認為值得的情況下，才能從 Manila 派遣少數更多傳教士。

Oh, and Sotelo would not be made the Bishop of Japan.

喔，還有，Sotelo 並不會被任命為日本的主教。

What the embassy didn't know is that shortly after they crossed the Pacific In February of 1614, Iyasu issued a comprehensive expulsion edict ordering all missionaries to leave Japan and the destruction of all Christian institutions.

使團不知道的是，就在他們於 1614 年 2 月橫渡太平洋後不久，Iyasu 發布了一項全面的驅逐令，命令所有傳教士離開日本，並摧毀所有基督教機構。

It was effectively the end of Christianity in the country and it dashed all of Sotelo's hopes.

這實際上是該國基督教的終結，也粉碎了 Sotelo 的所有希望。

字幕列表影片播放

化身羅馬公民的日本武士！ (The Samurai Who Became A Roman Citizen)

eventually

engage

access

achieve