Name: 量子技術如何改變世界 | BBC Ideas (How quantum technology could change the world | BBC Ideas)
Uploaded: 2025-07-17T09:10:19.000Z
Duration: 6 min 27 s

It's been almost a hundred years since physicists Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg blew apart our understanding of the universe.

自物理學家埃爾溫-薛定諤和沃納-海森堡打破我們對宇宙的認識以來，已經過去了近百年。

關係子句

Instead of a world ruled by certainty, where everything was definite and precise, the theory they developed described a world that was fuzzy and uncertain.

他們提出的理論所描述的世界並不是一個由確定性所統治的世界，在這個世界裡，一切都是確定的、精確的，而是一個模糊的、不確定的世界。

虛擬句型

They asserted that, at the microscopic level, atoms behave in unpredictable ways.

他們斷言，在微觀層面上，原子的行為是不可預測的。

Atoms can exist in several places at once and pass through energy barriers like ghosts drifting through solid walls.

原子可以同時存在於多個地方，並像幽靈一樣穿過能量障礙，飄過堅固的牆壁。

Although initially seen as strange and puzzling, quantum mechanics is now universally accepted as giving us the best description of the microscopic world.

儘管量子力學最初被認為是奇怪和令人費解的，但現在已被普遍認為是對微觀世界的最佳描述。

And embracing its fuzziness has led us to a much better understanding of the building blocks of the universe.

接受它的模糊性，讓我們對宇宙的構成要素有了更好的理解。

Without this understanding we would never have developed the silicon chip, the laser or the smartphone.

如果沒有這種認識，我們就不可能開發出硅芯片、激光器或智能手機。

The development of quantum technology now has the potential to transform our lives to an even greater extent.

現在，量子技術的發展有可能在更大程度上改變我們的生活。

To understand how, we need to look at two of the more counterintuitive, some might say even bonkers, ideas about the behaviour of the quantum world – superposition and entanglement.

要想了解其中的奧祕，我們需要了解量子世界行為中的兩個反直覺的、甚至可以說是瘋狂的想法--疊加和糾纏。

Superposition describes the ability of particles like electrons, photons or atoms to be in two locations at once, or move in two different directions at the same time.

疊加描述了電子、光子或原子等粒子同時處於兩個位置或同時向兩個不同方向運動的能力。

At our everyday scale, objects exist in one definite state at a time.

在我們的日常生活中，物體每次都以一種確定的狀態存在。

However, in the microscopic quantum world, we can't know the state of a particle until we observe it, forcing our everyday certainty on it and causing its quantum state to collapse into just one definite state.

然而，在微觀量子世界中，我們在觀察粒子之前無法知道它的狀態，這就把我們日常的確定性強加給了它，導致它的量子狀態坍縮為唯一確定的狀態。

Well, take a look at a thought experiment devised by our friend Schrodinger.

那麼，來看看我們的朋友薛定諤設計的思想實驗吧。

Schrodinger asked what would happen if a cat were shut in a box with a radioactive substance that would kill it if it released a particle.

薛定諤問，如果把一隻貓關在一個裝有放射性物質的盒子裡，它會發生什麼情況？

But quantum mechanics tells us that we must describe the particle as having been both released and not released at the same time.

但量子力學告訴我們，我們必須把粒子描述為同時被釋放和未被釋放。

Since the state of the cat now rests on this quantum event that has both happened and not happened, it too must be both dead and alive simultaneously.

由於貓的狀態現在取決於這個既發生又未發生的量子事件，所以它也必須同時既死又活。

We only force it to choose when we open the box to look.

我們只有在打開盒子查看時，才會強迫它做出選擇。

The weird thing is that we know this is true of atoms, but it never happens for actual cats, even though cats are made of atoms.

奇怪的是，我們知道原子是這樣的，但真正的貓卻從來不會這樣，儘管貓也是由原子構成的。

The second mind-blowing behavior observed in this microscopic world is quantum entanglement.

在這個微觀世界中觀察到的第二個令人震驚的行為是量子糾纏。

This is where two or more particles are linked in a way that everyday physics cannot explain.

這是指兩個或多個粒子以日常物理學無法解釋的方式聯繫在一起。

For example, if two separated particles, A and B, are entangled, then each will be in a superposition of spinning both clockwise and anticlockwise at the same time.

例如，如果兩個分離的粒子 A 和 B 發生糾纏，那麼每個粒子都將處於同時順時針和逆時針旋轉的疊加狀態。

If an observation of A then forces it into one state, say spinning clockwise, then particle

如果對 A 的觀測迫使它進入一種狀態，比如說順時針旋轉，那麼粒子

B will be found to be spinning in the opposite direction.

B 將被發現以相反的方向旋轉。

Its superposition will collapse when we measure A. In principle, this works even if one of the particles is on Mars and the other is on Earth.

原則上，即使其中一個粒子在火星上，另一個粒子在地球上，這也是可行的。

This phenomenon is so bizarre, Einstein famously rejected the idea of it, describing it as spooky action at a distance.

這種現象非常奇特，愛因斯坦曾對此進行過著名的否定，並將其描述為 "距離上的幽靈作用"（spooky action at a distance）。

That's the point of quantum technology, it's to make large things, like the processor of a computer, behave like a tiny quantum object.

這就是量子技術的意義所在，它能讓大型物體，比如計算機的處理器，表現得像一個微小的量子物體。

The strange and wonderful concepts of entanglement and superposition are crucial in the development of new quantum technologies.

糾纏和疊加這些奇妙的概念對於新量子技術的發展至關重要。

Quantum computers solve complex problems at a massively faster rate than our most powerful conventional ones.

量子計算機解決複雜問題的速度比我們最強大的傳統計算機快得多。

Rather than using the classical binary system of bits, zeros and ones, quantum computers use qubits, quantum bits, that can exist in a superposition of both zero and one states simultaneously.

量子計算機不使用經典的二進制比特系統（0 和 1），而是使用量子比特，即可以同時存在於 0 和 1 兩種狀態疊加中的量子比特。

Quantum computers can readily find the most efficient route through multiple destinations or analyze highly complex financial markets.

量子計算機可以輕鬆找到穿越多個目的地的最有效路徑，或分析高度複雜的金融市場。

Scientists believe the power of quantum computing could revolutionize many industries, help us tackle climate change, and even discover new drug treatments.

科學家們相信，量子計算的力量可以徹底改變許多行業，幫助我們應對氣候變化，甚至發現新的藥物療法。

Alongside quantum computing, there's the possibility of developing quantum sensing.

除了量子計算，還有可能發展量子傳感。

These are incredibly delicate optical or magnetic sensors that can be used for a whole range of applications, from earlier warnings of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, to next generation brain imaging that could provide groundbreaking insights for battling dementia.

這些非常精細的光學或磁性傳感器可用於各種應用，從地震或火山爆發的早期預警，到下一代大腦成像，為防治痴呆症提供突破性的見解。

Then we have quantum communication, or encryption, which will revolutionize IT security.

然後是量子通信或加密，它將徹底改變信息技術的安全性。

Right now, when paying online, we know that current encryption methods make our details relatively secure, but as soon as quantum computers are developed, they'll be able to easily break through the current systems.

現在，在網上支付時，我們知道目前的加密方法使我們的資訊相對安全，但一旦量子計算機被開發出來，它們就能輕易突破目前的系統。

Luckily, we're also developing what's called quantum encryption, which uses the concepts of superposition and entanglement.

幸運的是，我們還在開發所謂的量子加密技術，它使用了疊加和糾纏的概念。

This will mean that when two parties exchange messages, they can be secure in the knowledge that if anyone tries to eavesdrop on the information, the superposition will collapse, affecting the exchanges and alerting them to any potential interception.

這意味著，當雙方交換資訊時，他們可以放心地知道，如果有人試圖竊聽資訊，疊加就會坍塌，影響交換，並提醒他們注意任何潛在的攔截。

Quantum computing, quantum sensing and quantum encryption, the quantum revolution has already begun.

量子計算、量子傳感和量子加密，量子革命已經開始。

We may not know if Schrodinger's cat is alive or dead, or both, but harnessing the wonderful, mysterious properties of the quantum world looks set to turbocharge our futures.

我們可能不知道薛定諤的貓是死是活，或者兩者皆是，但利用量子世界奇妙而神祕的特性，似乎將為我們的未來提供動力。

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