Name: 俄羅斯被控在烏克蘭使用化學武器 | 英國廣播公司新聞 (Russia accused of using chemical weapons in Ukraine | BBC News)
Uploaded: 2025-07-17T08:09:28.000Z
Duration: 12 min 18 s

Well, welcome to the BBC's Security Brief with me, Ben Brown.

歡迎收聽BBC安全簡報，我是本-布朗。

分詞構句

And Europe's top diplomat, Kayakalis, has been sounding the alarm on Russia's increasing use of chemical weapons in Ukraine, citing German and Dutch intelligence reports that Moscow has used chemical weapons at least 9,000 times since the start of the invasion.

歐洲最高外交官卡亞卡利斯一直在對俄羅斯在烏克蘭越來越多地使用化學武器敲響警鐘，他援引德國和荷蘭情報部門的報告稱，自入侵開始以來，莫斯科至少使用了 9000 次化學武器。

Speaking to reporters after a gathering of foreign affairs ministers in Brussels, she said the reports were of great concern.

她在布魯塞爾外長會議後對記者說，這些報道令人深感憂慮。

Well, with me to discuss all of this and also the latest details on US weapon shipments to Ukraine is our resident security analyst, former senior British military officer and assault helicopter pilot in the British military, Mikey Kay.

我們的常駐安全分析員、前英國高級軍官、英國軍方攻擊直升機飛行員米奇-凱將和我一起討論這一切，以及美國向烏克蘭運送武器的最新細節。

And, as always, Mikey will deliver his brief, as he would to his generals.

米奇將一如既往地發表他的簡報，就像他對他的將軍們一樣。

So, Mikey, let's start off then with what Kayakalis has been saying and more about these reports.

那麼，米奇，我們就從卡亞卡利斯所說的這些報道開始吧。

Do the German and Dutch intelligence agencies that I was mentioning there, do they cite exactly which chemical weapons have been used?

我剛才提到的德國和荷蘭的情報機構，是否確切地列舉了使用了哪些化學武器？

I'll start off by saying there are four categories, Ben, of chemical weapon.

You've got choking agents, you've got blister agents, you've got blood agents and you've got nerve agents.

有窒息劑、水泡劑、血液劑和神經毒劑。

Now, the Dutch and German intelligence report that we're looking at cites chloropicrin as one of the chemical agents being used extensively, which falls in the choking agent part of those categories.

現在，我們看到的荷蘭和德國的情報報告指出，氯化苦是被廣泛使用的化學制劑之一，屬於這些類別中的窒息劑。

And its use goes back to World War I, so it's been used significantly in the past.

它的使用可以追溯到第一次世界大戰，是以在過去曾被大量使用。

It basically irritates the nose, the throat, the lungs, and when inhaled and used in high concentrations, it can be lethal, especially in enclosed spaces.

它基本上會刺激鼻子、喉嚨和肺部，當吸入和使用濃度較高時，尤其是在密閉空間內，可能會致命。

So, reports indicate that Russia is using quadcopter-style drones.

是以，有報道稱俄羅斯正在使用四旋翼無人機。

You can see this is a quadcopter-style drone on there and it's got ammunition below it.

你可以看到這是一架四旋翼無人機，下面裝有彈藥。

And they're using sort of this style of approach to drop the chloropicrin onto Ukrainian troops in trenches.

他們使用這種方式向戰壕裡的烏克蘭軍隊投擲氯化苦。

Now, the Ukrainian Defence Ministry say that three deaths of Ukrainian soldiers are attributable to those chemical weapons, but you've also got to look at the indirect fatalities when you're sort of assessing this capability.

現在，烏克蘭國防部表示，有三名烏克蘭阿兵哥的死亡可歸咎於這些化學武器，但在評估這種能力時，你還必須考慮間接死亡。

But when this chemical weapon is deployed, it will effectively smoke Ukrainian forces out of the trenches, which then means they can be targeted by conventional weapons.

但是，一旦部署了這種化學武器，它將有效地把烏克蘭部隊從戰壕中燻蒸出來，這就意味著他們可以成為常規武器的目標。

So, you know, there are two aspects to the use of this.

所以，你知道，使用這個有兩個方面。

Sorry, this month, the UK contributed £400,000 to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to enhance Ukraine's resilience against these style of attacks, both in terms of equipment, both in terms of training and in expertise.

對不起，本月英國向禁止化學武器組織捐贈了 40 萬英鎊，用於加強烏克蘭在設備、培訓和專業知識方面抵禦此類襲擊的能力。

Now, this might sound like a naive question, but isn't Russia a signatory of the Chemical Weapons Convention?

現在，這聽起來可能是個天真的問題，但俄羅斯不是《化學武器公約》的簽署國嗎？

The convention came into play in 1997 and it currently has 193 state parties.

該公約於 1997 年生效，目前有 193 個締約國。

Now, of note, Israel has signed it, but it's not ratified it, and Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan have not signed it.

值得注意的是，以色列已經簽署，但尚未準許，埃及、北韓和南蘇丹也沒有簽署。

And according to the Arms Control Association, at approximately 40,000 tonnes of chemical weapons, Russia also possesses the largest stockpiles in the world.

據軍備控制協會稱，俄羅斯擁有約 4 萬噸化學武器，也是世界上擁有化學武器最多的國家。

So, how has Ukraine, how is Ukraine responding to all this?

那麼，烏克蘭是如何應對這一切的呢？

Yeah, we were doing a bit of digging on this and it appears through Ukrainian intelligence services targeting high-value leadership in Russia.

是的，我們對此做了一些調查，似乎是通過烏克蘭情報部門瞄準了俄羅斯的重要領導人。

This individual is General Igor Kirillov.

這個人就是伊戈爾-基裡洛夫將軍。

He was, note was, the head of the Russian military's Biological and Chemical Weapons Unit.

他曾經是俄羅斯軍方生物和化學武器部門的負責人。

In December 2024, Kirillov was killed, along with his deputy, during a blast in Moscow.

2024 年 12 月，基裡洛夫和他的副手在莫斯科的一次爆炸中喪生。

A source inside Ukrainian security services said that they were war criminals and a legitimate target.

烏克蘭安全部門內部的一個消息來源說，他們是戰犯，是合法的目標。

So, I'll let you make of that what you will.

Let's just switch a little bit and talk about what the Trump administration have been saying, which is a bit of a change of policy on Ukraine, saying they are going to provide Ukraine with weapons, albeit paid for by NATO, but this includes the Patriot missile system.

讓我們轉換一下話題，談談特朗普政府一直以來的說法，即在烏克蘭問題上政策有所改變，稱他們將向烏克蘭提供武器，儘管是由北約支付，但其中包括愛國者導彈系統。

It's an interesting framework and the latest framework that's been spoke about, as you said, is NATO countries providing Ukraine with the Patriot batteries and then the US effectively sells those NATO countries replacement Patriot battery missile systems.

這是一個有趣的框架，正如你所說，最新的框架是北約國家向烏克蘭提供 "愛國者 "電池，然後美國向這些北約國家出售替換的 "愛國者 "電池導彈系統。

So, basically, NATO is paying for it and the US defence industrial base benefits from it, which kind of, as you know, Ben, aligns to Trump's sort of transactional approach to foreign policy.

是以，基本上是北約為其買單，美國國防工業基地從中受益，正如你所知道的那樣，本，這與特朗普的外交政策交易方式不謀而合。

Let's take a look at the Patriot missile system.

讓我們來看看 "愛國者 "導彈系統。

Patriot actually stands for Phased Array Tracking Radar Intercept on Target.

愛國者實際上是相控陣跟蹤雷達攔截目標的縮寫。

Each battery carries around six to eight missile launchers capable of carrying 16 interceptors.

每個炮兵連約有 6 至 8 個飛彈發射器，可攜帶 16 枚攔截導彈。

It has what's called a hit-to-kill mechanism that targets the actual warhead of the ballistic missile, which makes it effective.

它有一個所謂的 "命中摧毀 "機制，瞄準彈道導彈的實際彈頭，從而使其有效。

This is a video of a Russian calibre cruise missile launch, which the Patriot is also effective against.

這是一段發射俄羅斯口徑巡航導彈的視頻，"愛國者 "飛彈也能有效對付這種飛彈。

But the Patriot missile system does have its limitations.

但 "愛國者 "導彈系統也有其侷限性。

So, mobility-wise, it has a towing speed of just over 55km an hour.

是以，就機動性而言，它的牽引速度略高於每小時 55 公里。

So, both these components are relatively slow in a rapidly evolving environment.

是以，在快速發展的環境中，這兩個部分都相對緩慢。

Is the Patriot, for example, effective against Russia's hypersonic missiles?

例如，"愛國者 "能有效對付俄羅斯的高超音速飛彈嗎？

For me, it's the number one question at the moment.

對我來說，這是目前的首要問題。

So, hypersonic missiles can go faster than Mach 5, which is five times the speed of sound.

是以，高超音速飛彈的速度可以超過 5 馬赫，也就是音速的五倍。

In some cases, up to Mach 20, 20 times the speed of sound.

在某些情況下，可達到 20 馬赫，即音速的 20 倍。

Let's take a look at an earlier evolution of hypersonic missiles.

讓我們來看看高超音速飛彈的早期演變。

這是一架俄羅斯米格-31 "狐蝠 "戰鬥機。

That big white missile strapped underneath it, you can see it's pretty huge.

在它下面綁著的白色大飛彈，你可以看到它非常巨大。

Now, there has been a claim in 2023 that a Patriot missile battery shot down a Russian Kinzhal hypersonic missile.

現在，有人聲稱在 2023 年，"愛國者 "導彈部隊擊落了俄羅斯的一枚 "金日成 "高超音速飛彈。

But in terms of more developed hypersonic missiles, like the Oreshnik...

但就更先進的高超音速飛彈而言，例如奧雷什尼克...

This is the Oreshnik hypersonic missile hitting Dnipro last year, last November.

這是去年 11 月擊中第聶伯羅的奧列什尼克高超音速飛彈。

It actually has six warheads and six submunitions per warhead, so 36 in total.

它實際上有六個彈頭，每個彈頭有六個子彈藥，是以總共有 36 枚。

And you can see the way that it's raining down on there.

你可以看到雨點落在那裡的樣子。

There's definitely a big question in my mind when it comes to whether Patriot can target that.

說到 Patriot 能否瞄準這個目標，我心中肯定有一個很大的疑問。

Would it actually be, or to what extent, would it actually be effective against it?

它是否會，或者在多大程度上會對其有效？

Now, each Patriot missile battery, so what we saw in that first slide with the two on there, that's about $1 billion a pop.

現在，每個 "愛國者 "飛彈電池，也就是我們在第一張幻燈片中看到的兩個電池，每次大約需要 10 億美元。

Each missile is 3.3 million a unit per missile.

每枚飛彈的單價為 330 萬美元。

So it's expensive, and there are only around 650 made a year.

是以價格昂貴，而且每年只生產約 650 個。

So if we assume that the Patriot missile system will form part of Trump's proposed Golden Dome defence missile system and then look at all of the NATO countries and the countries outside of NATO that use the Patriot, the numbers alone in terms of how many being made and what the demand is, I think that will impose limitations on Ukraine.

是以，如果我們假設 "愛國者 "導彈系統將成為特朗普提議的 "金穹頂 "防禦導彈系統的一部分，然後再看看所有使用 "愛國者 "飛彈的北約國家和北約以外的國家，單從製造數量和需求量來看，我認為這將對烏克蘭造成限制。

Yeah, and limitations, what about drones?

是啊，還有限制，那無人機呢？

Because, I mean, Russia is using thousands of drones to attack Ukraine, isn't it?

因為，我的意思是，俄羅斯正在使用數千架無人機攻擊烏克蘭，不是嗎？

So in the later models, the answer is yes.

是以，在後來的型號中，答案是肯定的。

So it's pretty effective against ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and the latest drones are really sort of coming into it and glide...

是以，它對彈道導彈、巡航導彈相當有效，而最新的無人機也真正進入了滑翔......

But it's not just drones, it's glide bombs as well that need to be taken into consideration here.

但這裡需要考慮的不僅僅是無人機，還有滑翔炸彈。

And basically, both the drone and glide bomb are being used to overwhelm Ukrainian air defences.

基本上，無人機和滑翔炸彈都被用來壓制烏克蘭的防空力量。

讓我們來看看其中一些無人機。

It's called a one-way attack uninhabited aerial vehicle.

這就是所謂的單向攻擊無人飛行器。

But Iran have also sold the blueprints to this drone to Russia.

但伊朗也把這種無人機的藍圖賣給了俄羅斯。

So Russia now make them locally as well and call them something else, the Garantu, I think it is.

是以，俄羅斯現在也在當地生產這些產品，並叫它們別的名字，我想應該是 "Garantu"。

This drone travels at around 120 miles an hour, which is relatively slow, has a much lower radar section, but it is easy to shoot down.

這種無人機的時速約為 120 英里，速度相對較慢，雷達截面更小，但很容易被擊落。

But the strategy that Putin is using on these drones is based on overwhelming with numbers.

但普京對這些無人機採取的策略是以數量壓倒一切。

So one of these drones is effectively a hundredth of the cost of a Patriot interceptor at 3.3 million.

是以，一架無人機的造價僅為一架 "愛國者 "攔截機（330 萬美元）的百分之一。

So in June alone, Russia launched 5,000 Shahed-style drones on Ukraine. 5,000 in one month and over 700 in one night.

是以，僅在 6 月份，俄羅斯就向烏克蘭發射了 5000 架沙赫德式無人機。一個月內就發射了 5000 架，一個晚上就發射了 700 多架。

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俄羅斯被控在烏克蘭使用化學武器 | 英國廣播公司新聞 (Russia accused of using chemical weapons in Ukraine | BBC News)

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