Name: 誰擁有倫敦的（私有）公共空間？ (Who Owns London's (Privately Owned) Public Spaces?)
Uploaded: 2025-06-19T17:54:33.000Z
Duration: 19 min 30 s

So there's King's Cross, Camden, Paddington, Nine Elms, Earl's Court, Canary Wharf, of course.

當然還有國王十字路口、卡姆登、帕丁頓、九棵榆樹、伯爵宮、金絲雀碼頭。

She's a professor, journalist and author.

Her work looks at the intersection between architecture, democracy and cities.

她的作品關注建築、民主和城市之間的交集。

And the map we're looking at is one of London.

我們現在看到的地圖是倫敦的地圖。

The red dots are privately owned public spaces, or POPs, in the UK capital.

紅點是英國首都的私有公共空間，即 POP。

In big cities around the world, the number of POPs has been multiplying.

在世界各地的大城市，持久性有機汙染物的數量成倍增加。

This map was made in 2017 by British news organisation The Guardian and GIGL, London's environmental records centre.

這幅地圖由英國新聞機構《衛報》和倫敦環境記錄中心 GIGL 於 2017 年繪製。

It shows parts of the city that have been transformed into privately owned public spaces over the past 40 years.

它展示了過去 40 年間城市中被改造成私人擁有的公共空間的部分區域。

These spaces have popped up across the country, usually in areas in need of regeneration.

這些空間遍佈全國各地，通常位於需要重建的地區。

The end result is generally pristine and safe open spaces, policed by private security firms.

最終的結果一般是由私人保全公司負責維持秩序的原始安全的開放空間。

But sceptics like Minton say they worry that that comes at the expense of accessibility and inclusiveness.

但像敏頓這樣的懷疑論者表示，他們擔心這將以犧牲無障礙環境和包容性為代價。

They're owned by a single owner who has complete control over the entire area.

它們的所有者是一個人，對整個區域擁有完全的控制權。

They're not run by democratically elected local authorities.

它們不是由民主選舉產生的地方當局管理的。

Urban public spaces matter more now than ever.

城市公共空間現在比以往任何時候都更加重要。

By 2050, around 2.5 billion more people will be living in cities.

到 2050 年，城市人口將增加約 25 億。

So who decides what these public spaces look like and who benefits from them?

那麼，是誰決定了這些公共空間的模樣，又是誰從中受益？

我們先來看看持久性有機汙染物這個詞。

They're part of a wider trend of urban regeneration.

它們是更廣泛的城市復興趨勢的一部分。

If you walk along the south bank of the Thames, you're going from publicly owned land to privately owned land.

如果你沿著泰晤士河南岸行走，你就會從公有土地走到私有土地。

And you're going from one to the other, and you don't even know it.

你在不知不覺中從一個人變成了另一個人。

They vary from the really quite significant in size.

But you also get smaller, little so-called infield developments, which are also privately owned.

但也有一些規模較小的所謂內場開發項目，也屬於私人所有。

A marker is always that they have bollards surrounding them.

一個標誌就是它們周圍總是有護柱。

那麼，是誰在購買這些空間呢？

Let's go back to the map we looked at earlier.

The majority of these privately owned public spaces are owned by property developers, followed by real estate investment trusts, sovereign wealth funds and pension funds.

這些私人擁有的公共空間大部分歸地產開發商所有，其次是房地產投資信託基金、主權財富基金和養老基金。

Holding the most privately owned square footage in London is Canary Wharf Group Investment Holdings, with 128 acres in Canary Wharf alone, including offices, restaurants and retail.

金絲雀碼頭集團投資控股公司（Canary Wharf Group Investment Holdings）是倫敦私人擁有面積最大的公司，僅在金絲雀碼頭就擁有 128 英畝的土地，包括辦公樓、餐廳和零售店。

The group is owned by real estate company Brookfield Property Partners and Qatar's sovereign wealth fund, Qatar Investment Authority.

該集團由房地產公司 Brookfield Property Partners 和卡達主權財富基金卡達投資局擁有。

A 40-minute stoop journey north is Camden Market and its redeveloped Hawley Wharf, which grew from a couple of market stands in the 1970s to attracting 28 million visitors per year.

卡姆登市場及其重建後的霍利碼頭（Hawley Wharf）位於卡姆登北部，從上世紀 70 年代的幾個市場攤位發展到現在每年吸引 2800 萬遊客。

It is the property of Israeli billionaire Ted Esagy and his company Labtech.

它是以色列億萬富翁 Ted Esagy 及其公司 Labtech 的財產。

The King's Cross area is owned by a limited partnership, King's Cross Central, created specifically for the regeneration project.

國王十字區由一家專門為復興項目而成立的有限合夥公司--國王十字中心--所有。

Partners include developer Argent and Australia's biggest superannuation fund, Australian Super.

合作伙伴包括開發商 Argent 和澳洲最大的養老基金 Australian Super。

King's Cross Central, at 67 acres, is one of the largest pops in London.

國王十字中央廣場佔地 67 英畝，是倫敦最大的廣場之一。

The space opened to the public after 15 years of redevelopment.

經過 15 年的重建，該空間已向公眾開放。

A mixed-use structure with offices, shops, apartments, bars and restaurants, as well as an almost two-acre square featuring fountains and canal-side steps.

這是一座多功能建築，內設辦公室、商店、公寓、酒吧和餐廳，還有一個佔地近兩英畝的廣場，廣場上有噴泉和運河邊的臺階。

There's all sorts of pops, privately owned public spaces, that go back a very long way.

有各種各樣的 pops，私人擁有的公共空間，可以追溯到很久以前。

Some are owned by the church or owned by universities or owned by private corporations.

有的屬於教會，有的屬於大學，有的屬於私人公司。

He's an architect and professor at University College London.

他是一名建築師，也是倫敦大學學院的教授。

His work focuses on planning and urban design.

他的工作重點是規劃和城市設計。

Typically, they are pieces of brownfield land, bits of railway land, bits of ex-industrial land, ports which were never open to the public and have become open to the public through the redevelopment.

通常情況下，它們是一些棕地、鐵路用地、前工業用地、從未向公眾開放的港口，通過重新開發後向公眾開放。

And this redevelopment of public spaces is generally praised for its positive economic impact on a national scale.

這種公共空間的再開發因其在全國範圍內產生的積極經濟影響而受到普遍讚譽。

Analysis for the UK's Department for Communities and Local Government on the value of urban regeneration found that the benefit-cost ratio of investment in such open space and public realm projects ranged between 2.7 and 0.9 to 1.

英國社區和地方政府部對城市改造價值的分析發現，投資於此類開放空間和公共領域項目的效益成本比介於 2.7 和 0.9 之間。

If you're able to find the finances to invest in a place and transform it completely from underutilised to a really thriving place where shops, businesses want to locate, where new housing, which is going to be at full occupancy, obviously your economic impact is going to be there.

如果你能找到資金對一個地方進行投資，並將其從利用率低的地方徹底改造成一個真正繁榮的地方，讓商店、企業願意進駐，讓新的住房達到滿租狀態，顯然你的經濟影響就會出現。

She's an economist at the Centre for Local Economic Strategies.

她是地方經濟戰略中心的經濟學家。

Those pedestrianised centres that we see in our cities with lots of shops, often in some parts you've got independent small businesses as well that are getting lots of footfall.

我們在城市中看到的那些人行道中心有很多商店，通常在某些地方還有獨立的小企業，它們也有很多人流。

That's certainly a positive of some of the spaces that were previously closed off to the public and then investors come in, made those spaces viable where they wouldn't be and created more community facilities and business facilities for people to enjoy and for places to thrive.

這無疑是一些空間的積極意義所在，這些空間以前是不對公眾開放的，然後投資者進入，使這些空間變得可行，並創造了更多的社區設施和商業設施，供人們享用，使這些地方蓬勃發展。

We have this assumption that streets and public places are public.

我們有這樣的假設：街道和公共場所是公共的。

They've always been public and yet when I delved into the history I realised that the streets and public spaces of the city haven't always been public.

它們一直都是公共的，然而當我深入研究歷史時，我意識到城市的街道和公共空間並不總是公共的。

That's what makes London different from many other major cities.

這就是倫敦與其他許多大城市的不同之處。

Carmona says London was built by private interests and while London today enjoys over 100,000 acres of public land, that wasn't always the case.

卡莫納說，倫敦是由私人利益集團建造的，雖然如今倫敦擁有超過 10 萬英畝的公共土地，但情況並非總是如此。

What my research shows is that many of these spaces were never publicly owned in the first place.

我的研究表明，這些空間中的許多本來就不屬於公共所有。

So you could say the reverse rather than the privatisation.

是以，可以說是相反，而不是私有化。

We've actually had a publicisation of private space and there's a lot of new spaces that have been created over the last 20 years by the public sector.

實際上，我們已經將私人空間公共化，在過去 20 年裡，公共部門創造了許多新的空間。

It's not only the private sector that is creating them but the private sector are creating a lot of new spaces and I think that's where the worry comes along.

不僅是私營部門在創造這些空間，私營部門也在創造許多新的空間，我認為這正是令人擔憂的地方。

Unlike traditional public spaces ruled by the law of the land, the rules in pubs can vary from location to location and they're not always easy to find.

與受國家法律管轄的傳統公共場所不同，酒吧的規則可能因地而異，而且並不總是那麼容易找到。

In Battersea Power Station, for instance, the developer specifies on its website that commercial photographs aren't allowed and there have been reports that in some pubs rough sleeping is forbidden too.

例如，在巴特西發電站，開發商在其網站上明確規定不允許拍攝商業照片，而且有報道稱，一些酒吧也禁止露宿。

In 2011, anti-capitalist movement Occupy London set up camp outside the London Stock Exchange in Paternoster Square, a private space owned by Japanese developer Mitsubishi Estate.

2011 年，反資本主義運動 "佔領倫敦 "在倫敦證券交易所外的帕特諾斯特廣場（Paternoster Square）安營紮寨。

They always have private security, they always have CCTV and they always restrict access and behaviour.

它們總是有私人保全，總是有閉路電視，總是限制出入和行為。

And to my mind, they invariably create a much more sterile feel to the city.

而且在我看來，它們總會給城市帶來一種更加死氣沉沉的感覺。

These places aren't for lingering and hanging out, they're for going somewhere, sitting in a cafe, buying an expensive cup of coffee.

這些地方不是用來逗留和閒逛的，而是用來去某個地方，坐在咖啡館裡，買一杯昂貴的咖啡。

They're certainly not for groups to just spend a considerable amount of time and just watching the world go by.

當然，它們並不適合只花相當長的時間來觀看世界的變化。

What we started to see in the 80s was this drive to see city space as a place to get the maximum profit.

上世紀 80 年代，我們開始看到這種將城市空間視為獲取最大利潤場所的驅動力。

This model has become the standard template for all new development everywhere in the city.

這種模式已成為該市各地所有新開發項目的標準模板。

The concept of privately owned public spaces originated in the United States in the 1960s, following the rezoning of New York City.

私有公共空間的概念起源於 20 世紀 60 年代的美國，當時紐約市重新劃分了區域。

As its population, commercial activities and skyscrapers multiplied, the city needed to redefine land according to its usage.

隨著人口、商業活動和摩天大樓的增加，城市需要根據其用途重新定義土地。

The programme allowed developers to increase floor area and build higher structures in exchange for open-air plazas, arcades and other publicly accessible spaces.

該計劃允許開發商增加樓面面積，建造更高的建築，以換取露天廣場、拱廊和其他公共空間。

This chart shows the massive rise in privately owned public spaces through the 1960s, 70s and 80s.

該圖顯示了 20 世紀 60 年代、70 年代和 80 年代私人擁有的公共空間的大規模增加。

And while growth slowed down in the 1990s, the number of pops in New York City continued to go up.

雖然 20 世紀 90 年代的增長速度有所放緩，但紐約市的人口數量仍在繼續增加。

Privately owned public space is very much an American model.

私人擁有的公共空間在很大程度上是一種美國模式。

What we've seen over the last 40 years or so is the importation of one policy after another, directly brought to the UK from the US.

在過去的 40 多年裡，我們看到的是一項又一項直接從美國引入英國的政策。

This model enabled London's local councils to kill two birds with one stone.

這種模式使倫敦地方議會能夠一石二鳥。

One, they got to benefit from new facilities at a cheaper price.

其一，他們以更低的價格享受到了新設施帶來的好處。

It also meant tightly budgeted councils could instead shift their expenditure to other areas in need of funding, like adult care provisions, public schools or waste collection.

這也意味著預算緊張的議會可以將支出轉移到其他需要資金的領域，如成人護理、公立學校或垃圾收集。

Between 1981 and 1993, the creation of 13 urban development corporations across the country led to the regeneration of several British landmarks.

1981 年至 1993 年間，全國各地共成立了 13 家城市發展公司，使英國的多個地標性建築得以重新煥發生機。

One pound invested by local government in these UDCs leveraged about £3.5 from the private sector.

地方政府在這些城市發展中心投資 1 英鎊，就能從私營部門撬動約 3.5 英鎊。

For the London Docklands Development Corporation, which benefited from a £1.86bn grant, this resulted in more than £7.5bn of private investment.

倫敦碼頭區開發公司從 18.6 億英鎊的贈款中獲益，從而獲得了超過 75 億英鎊的私人投資。

The rise of privately owned public space really is part of the change from an industrial to a post-industrial economy.

私有公共空間的興起確實是從工業經濟向後工業經濟轉變的一部分。

And the shorthand for it really is regeneration.

Today, regeneration projects are very popular.

A 2019 survey by the City of London found that people are generally happy about privately owned public spaces, citing that they were well looked after and very safe.

倫敦市政府 2019 年的一項調查發現，人們普遍對私人擁有的公共空間感到滿意，認為它們得到了很好的照顧，而且非常安全。

You can see the difference in how our cities have been transformed.

我們的城市發生了翻天覆地的變化。

New skilled jobs have been created, that's been a major change.

創造了新的技術崗位，這是一個重大變化。

And productivity has increased as a result, economic productivity, so there's more gross value added GVA being created each year.

生產率和經濟生產率是以提高，每年創造的增值總值也更多。

There are also a lot more university students than ever before and graduates are increasingly retained in our city economies as well.

大學生人數也比以往任何時候都要多，畢業生也越來越多地留在了我們的城市經濟中。

So a huge amount of wealth is created in our economy each year.

是以，我們的經濟每年都會創造出大量財富。

Economic growth shows us this, having doubled in recent decades.

經濟增長向我們展示了這一點，近幾十年來，經濟增長翻了一番。

And these regenerated city centres are then highlighted as examples for other places to aspire to.

然後，這些經過改造的城市中心被作為其他地方學習的榜樣加以強調。

But I think it's important to show the balance here and we can't ignore the massive inequalities in our city economies.

但我認為，重要的是要在這裡顯示出平衡，我們不能忽視城市經濟中存在的巨大不平等。

Urban regeneration projects are often large-scale and include housing, public space and retail areas.

城市改造項目通常規模較大，包括住房、公共空間和零售區。

Take Elephant Park in South London, for example.

A lot of consideration is given to the relationship between the residential that sits around us and the amenity and the public amenity spaces that sit within the ground plane as such.

我們對周圍的住宅與地面上的休閒和公共休閒空間之間的關係進行了大量的考慮。

字幕列表影片播放

誰擁有倫敦的（私有）公共空間？ (Who Owns London's (Privately Owned) Public Spaces?)

scale

positive

sense

community