Name: 上癮的解釋，多巴胺的上升與下降 | 安德魯-休伯曼博士 (Addiction Explained, Rises & Falls in Dopamine | Dr. Andrew Huberman)
Uploaded: 2025-05-24T00:28:37.000Z
Duration: 7 min 17 s

程度副詞

Let's just think about addiction, because in biology and in psychology, frankly, it really often pays to think about the extremes first and then work our way towards more typical circumstances.

老實說，在生物學和心理學中，首先考慮極端的情況，然後再考慮更典型的情況，往往會有所收穫。

情態副詞

And with that said, addiction, unfortunately, is very common nowadays.

話雖如此，但不幸的是，如今成癮現象非常普遍。

I just heard a statistic, in fact, that there is an 80, 80% increase in alcohol use disorder among women in the last 30 years.

我剛剛聽到一個統計數字，事實上，在過去 30 年裡，女性酗酒症患者增加了 80%。

I talked a little bit about this in the episode that I did about alcohol and health.

在我做的關於酒精與健康的那期節目中，我稍微談到了這一點。

I'm not somebody that is completely against alcohol for adults, provided they're not alcoholics.

我並不是一個完全反對成年人飲酒的人，只要他們不是酗酒者。

Turns out two drinks a week, probably fine health-wise.

原來一週喝兩杯，可能對健康沒什麼影響。

Past two drinks, you start running into problems.

超過兩杯，你就會開始遇到問題。

And yet many, many people out there, male and female alike, suffer from alcohol use disorder, also called alcoholism.

然而，很多很多人，無論男女，都患有酒精使用障礙，也叫酗酒。

The same is also true for things like methamphetamine or cocaine or other types of substance addictions.

甲基苯丙胺、可卡因或其他類型的藥物成癮也是如此。

And the same is also true for a lot of behavioral or what are sometimes called process addictions, things like sex addiction or video game addiction or any type of behavior that, frankly, is leveraging the dopamine system, but that engages this progressive narrowing of the things that bring someone pleasure, such that nothing else is really salient.

很多行為成癮或有時被稱為過程成癮的東西也是如此，比如性成癮、電子遊戲成癮或任何類型的行為，坦率地說，都是利用多巴胺系統，但這種行為會逐漸縮小能給人帶來愉悅的東西，以至於其他東西都不重要。

Nothing else is really pulling them in in the way that their video games or sex or pornography or alcohol, pick your substance or behavior that you see out there, or hopefully not, but that you might suffer from an addiction to.

沒有什麼能真正像電子遊戲、性、色情或酒精那樣吸引他們，隨便挑一種你在外面看到的物質或行為，或者希望不是，但你可能會對其上癮。

那麼，在成癮方面發生了什麼？

Well, addiction involves dopamine, among other things, often the opioid system, et cetera.

成癮涉及多巴胺等物質，通常是阿片系統，等等。

But if we were to think about what's the stimulus in an addiction and what's the peak in dopamine, and then what happens after that peak, it all becomes very clear as to why addiction happens and why it's so pernicious.

但是，如果我們思考一下，上癮的刺激因素是什麼，多巴胺的峰值是什麼，峰值之後又會發生什麼，一切就會變得非常清楚，為什麼會上癮，為什麼會如此有害。

Cocaine causes dramatic increases in dopamine very, very fast.

So if somebody craves cocaine, what are they craving?

那麼，如果有人渴望可卡因，他們渴望的是什麼？

They're craving the increased level of alertness.

They're craving a number of things associated with the feeling of being under the influence of the drug, but the stimulus for it simply becomes that line of cocaine, or in the case of crack, that crack rock that they're going to smoke, and God forbid, they're mainlining it, you know, they're shooting into a vein.

他們渴求許多與受毒品影響的感覺相關的東西，但對毒品的刺激僅僅是那一線可卡因，或者在快克的情況下，他們要吸食的快克石，而上帝保佑，他們正在主食它，你知道，他們正在向靜脈注射。

What happens is they snort, smoke, or inject cocaine, and dopamine levels almost immediately go up, up, up, up, up, up to a very high peak, okay?

他們吸食、吸食或注射可卡因後，多巴胺水準會立即升高，升高，升高，升高，達到一個非常高的峰值，明白嗎？

So the time gap between the stimulus and the dopamine is very, very short.

是以，刺激和多巴胺之間的時間間隔非常非常短。

So short, in fact, that there's really no other contingencies in between that the mesocortical system has to learn.

事實上，由於時間太短，中腦皮層系統真的不需要學習中間的其他突發事件。

In fact, what does the system, quote, unquote, learn?

事實上，這個系統（引述如下）學到了什麼？

It learns cocaine equals massive amounts of dopamine equals feeling euphoric and energetic, et cetera.

它認為可卡因等同於大量多巴胺，等同於興奮和精力充沛等等。

And in doing that, it reinforces the whole circuit so that that short, we can even say hyper short contingency, is really what the system wants.

這樣一來，整個迴路就會得到加強，這樣，我們甚至可以說超短應急時間才是系統真正想要的。

So much so that longer contingencies of, say, putting in the hard work of, you know, a professional program for yourself or a education program, which takes not just many days, but many weeks and years, well, none of that is going to lead to peaks in dopamine that are as high as the peak in dopamine associated with cocaine.

以至於在更長的時間內，比如說，投入艱苦的工作，你知道，為自己制定專業計劃或教育計劃，這不僅需要很多天，還需要很多周甚至很多年，但這些都不會導致多巴胺的峰值達到與可卡因相關的多巴胺峰值那麼高。

是以，這告訴我們一些關鍵的東西。

It is both the duration between desire and effect.

它既是慾望的持續時間，也是效果的持續時間。

And when I say effect, I mean, the rewarding properties of dopamine that are experienced.

我說的 "效果"，指的是多巴胺的獎勵特性。

So very short gaps, teach the system to expect and want short gaps.

是以，間歇時間要非常短，要教會系統期待並希望間歇時間短。

Makes it very hard to pursue things that take longer.

這樣就很難去追求那些需要更長時間的事情。

So when we say it's the short, or in this case, hyper short distance or time between the stimulus and the dopamine, what we're really talking about, if we were to plot this out on a board or on a piece of paper, is the steepness of the rise of that peak.

是以，當我們說刺激和多巴胺之間的距離或時間很短，或者在這種情況下是超短時，如果我們在黑板上或紙上畫出這個圖，我們真正談論的是峰值上升的陡度。

The peak in dopamine is coming up very fast after the desire.

慾望產生後，多巴胺的峰值很快就會出現。

And in addition to that, and this is very important, the higher the peak in dopamine and the faster the rise to that peak, the further below baseline, the dopamine drops after the drug wears off.

除此之外，非常重要的一點是，多巴胺的峰值越高，上升到峰值的速度越快，多巴胺在藥物失效後就會進一步下降到基線以下。

Okay, so in the case of cocaine, it's a very fast and very large rise in dopamine followed by a steep drop and very deep trough in dopamine below baseline.

好吧，就可卡因而言，多巴胺會迅速大幅升高，然後急劇下降，跌至低於基線的谷底。

You say, okay, so there's pleasure, then there's lack of pleasure.

你說，好吧，有快樂，就有缺乏快樂。

Ah, but it's worse than that because it's not just lack of pleasure.

啊，但情況比這更糟，因為它不僅僅是缺乏快樂。

If you recall what we talked about a little bit earlier, that drop below baseline triggers the desire and the pursuit for what?

如果你還記得我們之前談到的，降到基線以下會引發對什麼的渴望和追求？

And so this sets in motion a vicious loop where people start pursuing peaks in dopamine that can come very fast without much effort.

於是，這就形成了一個惡性循環，人們開始追求多巴胺的峰值，而這種峰值不費吹灰之力就能迅速達到。

And that's one of the ways in which addictions start to take hold.

There's a simple way to think about this and to remember if you want to avoid this whole thing.

如果你想避免這整件事，有一個簡單的思考和記憶方法。

Don't do cocaine, don't try it, don't use it.

不要吸食可卡因，不要嘗試，不要使用。

Those are all sort of one in the same, frankly.

老實說，這些都是一脈相承的。

I don't know many people that, despite opinions to the contrary, that use cocaine recreationally, that don't at some point run into either a financial, psychological, physical, or some other problem.

我不知道有多少人在使用可卡因消遣時，儘管有相反的觀點，但他們在某些時候不會遇到經濟、心理、身體或其他方面的問題。

The other thing that's absolutely critical to keep in mind, and this was discussed in my colleague, Dr. Ana Lemke's book, Dopamine Nation, and on this podcast.

還有一件事絕對要牢記在心，這在我的同事安娜-萊姆克博士的書《多巴胺國度》和這個播客中都有討論。

Excellent book, by the way, I highly recommend it if you haven't read it already.

順便說一句，這本書非常棒，如果你還沒讀過，我強烈推薦你讀一讀。

It's a fascinating exploration into dopamine as it relates to addiction, not just drug addiction, but other types of addiction.

這是對多巴胺與成癮（不僅是毒癮，還有其他類型的成癮）關係的精彩探索。

Again, the name of that book is Dopamine Nation.

再說一遍，這本書的名字叫《多巴胺國度》。

We'll provide a link to it in the show note captions.

我們將在節目說明標題中提供鏈接。

The other thing that happens after those big, fast increases in dopamine caused by things like cocaine is afterwards, when it quickly drops below baseline, it takes a much longer time to get back to the original baseline than it did prior to using the drug.

在可卡因等藥物導致多巴胺大量快速增加後，還會出現另一種情況，那就是當多巴胺迅速降至基線以下時，需要比使用藥物前更長的時間才能恢復到原來的基線。

And worse still is that the peaks in dopamine that are created from more consumption of cocaine leads to progressively lower peaks and deeper troughs below baseline.

更糟糕的是，可卡因攝入量越多，多巴胺的峰值就越低，谷底也就越深。

So the whole system is shifting away from pleasure and more to pain and the desire for pursuit of the drug.

是以，整個系統正在從快感轉向痛苦和追求毒品的慾望。

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上癮的解釋，多巴胺的上升與下降 | 安德魯-休伯曼博士 (Addiction Explained, Rises & Falls in Dopamine | Dr. Andrew Huberman)

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