Name: 隨著 Nokia、Ericsson 的沒落，歐洲是如何失去科技巨頭的地位？ (How Europe Lost Its Tech Giants)
Uploaded: 2024-05-27T07:15:43.000Z
Duration: 9 min 10 s

In the 2000s, Europe's tech  industry reigned supreme,

2000 年代，歐洲的科技產業一統天下、

propelled by giants like  Nokia, Siemens, and Ericsson.

在諾基亞、西門子和愛立信等巨頭的推動下。

Europe lost its dominant  position on the world stage.

歐洲失去了在世界舞臺上的主導地位。

Today, it seems everything we use is made  in China and runs on American software.

如今，我們所使用的一切似乎都是中國製造，運行的是美國軟件。

The market cap of the ten largest  tech companies in the U.S. is 15

times greater than the market cap of the  ten largest tech companies in Europe.

是歐洲十大科技公司市值的數倍。

Because Europe makes it difficult  for people to start and do business.

因為歐洲讓人們難以創業和做生意。

When two Irish brothers, Patrick and  John Collison decided to set up an

當愛爾蘭的兩兄弟帕特里克-科裡森和約翰-科裡森決定建立一個

online payment company after dropping out of  MIT and Harvard, they launched Stripe in San

從麻省理工學院和哈佛大學輟學後，他們在聖地亞哥創辦了在線支付公司 Stripe。

Francisco with initial financial support  from the startup accelerator Y Combinator.

舊金山，並得到了初創企業加速器 Y Combinator 的初始資金支持。

Accelerators are prolific in Silicon Valley,

providing the crucial early support  that John and Patrick needed.

為約翰和帕特里克提供了所需的重要早期支持。

Later, when the brothers approached  Peter Thiel, the former CEO of PayPal,

後來，兄弟倆找到了 PayPal 前首席執行官彼得-蒂爾（Peter Thiel）、

Thiel led a $2 million funding round that  included investments from Sequoia Capital.

Thiel 上司了一輪 200 萬美元的融資，其中包括紅杉資本的投資。

While European startups do  receive substantial support,

雖然歐洲的初創企業確實獲得了大量支持、

equity investment provided  in the U.S. is far greater.

美國提供的股權投資要大得多。

In 2023, around 4,700 European  start-ups received venture capital

2023 年，約有 4700 家歐洲初創企業獲得風險投資

backing of 13 billion euros or around $14 billion,

130 億歐元或約 140 億美元的支持、

while U.S. start-ups attracted $170.6 billion in  venture capital across nearly 16,000 companies.

而美國的初創企業則為近 16,000 家公司吸引了 1,706 億美元的風險投資。

VCs in Europe are known to be conservative,

眾所周知，歐洲的風險投資公司比較保守、

preferring to focus on revenue and short-term  returns rather than long-term growth.

更願意關注收入和短期回報，而不是長期增長。

Could Stripe have been started in Ireland?

No. And, that's not my opinion. It's  from the mouth of Stripe's founder.

不，這不是我的觀點。這是從 Stripe 創始人的嘴裡說出來的。

In a 2012 blog post, Patrick Collison  explained that when he and his brother

在 2012 年的一篇博文中，帕特里克-科裡森解釋說，當他和他的兄弟

approached Irish banks to discuss partnering  and integrating Stripe's online payment system,

與愛爾蘭銀行接觸，討論合作和整合 Stripe 在線支付系統的事宜、

They were cautious about adopting new technology  that had yet to be proven reliable or profitable.

他們對採用尚未證明可靠或有利可圖的新技術持謹慎態度。

By contrast, the U.S., particularly  Silicon Valley, has a history

相比之下，美國，尤其是硅谷，在歷史上曾有過

of financial institutions  collaborating with startups,

making it easier for Stripe to establish  partnerships and advance their platform.

使 Stripe 更容易建立合作伙伴關係並推進其平臺的發展。

Similarly, Spotify was founded  in Stockholm, Sweden; however,

同樣，Spotify 也是在瑞典斯德哥爾摩成立的、

to scale effectively, Spotify expanded  its operations to the U.S. in 2011,

為了有效擴大規模，Spotify 於 2011 年將業務擴展到美國、

gaining millions of new users and attracting a  $100 million funding round led by Goldman Sachs.

獲得了數百萬新用戶，並吸引了由高盛領投的 1 億美元融資。

Entering the U.S. market allowed Spotify  to go public, increasing its visibility,

進入美國市場後，Spotify得以上市，提高了知名度、

Patrick also highlighted another crucial  challenge faced by startups in much of Europe.

帕特里克還強調了歐洲大部分地區初創企業面臨的另一個重要挑戰。

The smaller talent pool compared to the U.S.

One of America's defining strengths is  its ability to attract a diverse and

美國的決定性優勢之一，就是它有能力吸引多元化的人才。

highly skilled workforce from all over the world.

來自世界各地的高技能勞動力。

Even if European startups do  manage to attract top talent,

即使歐洲初創企業能夠吸引頂尖人才、

they face another significant hurdle: a  highly restrictive regulatory environment.

它們還面臨著另一個重大障礙：限制性極強的監管環境。

Labor laws in France, for example,  are famously protective of employees.

例如，法國的勞動法是著名的僱員保護法。

They allow a maximum 35-hour work week and  at least five weeks of vacation a year.

他們允許每週最多工作 35 小時，每年至少有 5 周假期。

From my own experience  living and working in France,

這是我在法國生活和工作的親身經歷、

it wasn't uncommon my friends to  get 8 to 9 weeks of vacation a year.

我的朋友們一年有 8 到 9 周的假期並不罕見。

While these labor laws provide excellent  employee protection, they can also make it

雖然這些勞動法為員工提供了很好的保護，但它們也可能使

difficult for startups which often operate  with an “all hands on deck” mentality.

對於通常以 "全員參與 "心態運作的初創企業來說，這很困難。

Without this hard push, it's more  difficult to compete on a global scale.

如果沒有這種強大的推動力，就更難在全球範圍內競爭。

This need for intense effort is  epitomized by Elon Musk, who once said:

埃隆-馬斯克（Elon Musk）曾說過："我們需要付出巨大的努力：

“Work like hell. I mean, you  just have to put in 80-hour,

"拼命工作。我的意思是，你必須付出 80 小時的努力、

80 to 100 hour weeks every week. I mean, if  other people are putting in 40 hour work weeks

每週工作 80 到 100 小時。我的意思是，如果其他人每週工作 40 小時

and you're putting in 100 hour work weeks,  then even if you're doing the same thing,

而你每週工作 100 小時，那麼即使你做同樣的事情、

you know that, you will achieve in four  months what takes them a year to achieve.”

你知道這一點，你將在四個月內實現他們需要一年才能實現的目標"。

As the CEO of Tesla, Elon is no stranger to  the challenges posed by heavy regulations,

作為特斯拉公司的首席執行官，埃隆對嚴苛法規帶來的挑戰並不陌生、

Starting in February 2025, European manufacturers  must declare the carbon footprint of every

從 2025 年 2 月起，歐洲製造商必須申報每一個產品的碳足跡。

EV battery produced at every manufacturing  plant. (coming into effect February 18, 2025)

每個生產廠都生產電動汽車電池。(將於 2025 年 2 月 18 日生效）

Companies grossing over 40 million euros will  be periodically audited to ensure they identify

總收入超過 4000 萬歐元的公司將定期接受審計，以確保他們識別出

their raw material suppliers, specify their  location, and detail the transactions involved.

他們的原材料供應商，說明他們的位置，並詳細說明所涉及的交易。

By 2027, all EVs sold in the EU  must include a 'battery passport'

到 2027 年，所有在歐盟銷售的電動汽車必須包含 "電池護照

that provides information about  the battery's carbon footprint,

supply chain, durability, resource  efficiency, and materials used.

供應鏈、耐用性、資源效率和所用材料。

And this will all be accessible  to customers through a QR code.

客戶可以通過二維碼獲取所有這些資訊。

While these requirements  are aimed at sustainability,

雖然這些要求旨在實現可持續性、

they can slow EV growth by adding costly  and complex administrative burdens.

它們會增加昂貴而複雜的行政負擔，從而減緩電動汽車的增長。

As the head of the European Automobile  Manufacturers' Association said,

歐洲汽車製造商協會主席如是說、

“...too often, the EU puts the  regulatory cart before the horse”,

imposing heavy compliance burdens before Europe  has a fully developed EV industry in place.

在歐洲的電動汽車產業充分發展之前，就強加沉重的合規負擔。

European car companies are already  struggling to keep up with China's

歐洲汽車公司已經在努力追趕中國的發展步伐

dominance in the EV market, which benefits  from significant government subsidies.

在電動汽車市場佔據主導地位，享受政府的大量補貼。

Meanwhile, American incentives to go  green through tax credits, grants,

與此同時，美國通過稅收減免、贈款等方式鼓勵綠色環保、

funding, and consumer discounts  also increase competition.

資金和消費者折扣也加劇了競爭。

Europe is also regulating its way to “last  place” as a Wall Street Journal article put it,

正如《華爾街日報》的一篇文章所說，歐洲也在通過監管走向 "末路"、

in the domain of artificial intelligence.

In March 2024, Europe passed the  EU AI Act, the first law of its

2024 年 3 月，歐洲通過了《歐盟人工智能法》，這是歐洲第一部關於人工智能的法律。

kind that will shape how companies are  allowed to use artificial intelligence.

它們將決定企業如何使用人工智能。

Some systems are banned, such as those involved  in social scoring or biometric identification,

有些系統被禁止使用，如涉及社會評分或生物識別的系統、

to guess someone's race, political  affiliation, or sexual orientation.

猜測某人的種族、政治派別或性取向。

likelihood of committing future crimes  is also banned, think Minority Report.

此外，還禁止今後犯罪的可能性，想想《少數派報告》（Minority Report）。

Deepfakes will have to be clearly labeled as such.

ChatGPT must become more transparent by disclosing  the datasets used to train their AI systems.

ChatGPT 必須公開用於訓練其人工智能系統的數據集，從而提高透明度。

While the intention is to keep people safe,  the Act could also stifle progress in a

雖然該法的目的是保護人們的安全，但它也可能扼殺以下方面的進步

rapidly evolving industry that could surpass  the significance of the Industrial Revolution.

快速發展的工業，其意義可能超過工業革命。

Before the AI Act passed, executives  from top European companies wrote an

在《人工智能法案》通過之前，歐洲頂級公司的高管曾撰寫了一份

open letter to EU lawmakers, warning  that a stringent AI law “could lead

致歐盟立法者的公開信中警告說，嚴格的人工智能法律 "可能導致

to highly innovative companies  moving their activities abroad.”

高度創新的公司將其活動轉移到國外"。

“The result would be a critical productivity  gap between the two sides of the Atlantic.”

"其結果將是大西洋兩岸的生產力出現嚴重差距"。

In Europe, venture capital deals related to  AI have lagged far behind the U.S. for years.

在歐洲，與人工智能相關的風險投資交易多年來一直遠遠落後於美國。

We've already seen how heavy  regulation can hurt an industry.

我們已經看到，嚴厲的監管會如何傷害一個行業。

The European space industry has struggled  to innovate quickly and efficiently.

歐洲航天工業一直在努力快速高效地創新。

Europe no longer has an independent  way to reach space after losing

歐洲在失去了 "太空 "之後，再也沒有獨立的方法進入太空了。

access to Russia's Soyuz rockets  following the invasion of Ukraine.

在烏克蘭被入侵後，俄羅斯的聯盟號火箭被禁止使用。

Meanwhile, Europe's flagship rocket,  the Ariane 6, faces significant delays.

與此同時，歐洲的旗艦火箭阿麗亞娜 6 號也面臨著重大延誤。

This non-reusable rocket, manufactured by  the French aerospace company ArianeGroup,

這枚不可重複使用的火箭由法國航空航天公司阿麗亞娜集團製造、

is expected to fly this  summer—four years behind schedule.

預計將於今年夏天飛行--比原定計劃晚了四年。

A decade ago, an executive from its  sister company scoffed at Elon Musk

十年前，其姊妹公司的一位高管曾對埃隆-馬斯克嗤之以鼻