Frontotemporal dementia refers to a group of uncommon disorders that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain,

額顳葉失智症是指一種影響大腦額葉和顳葉的罕見疾病，

causing a problem with behavior, personality and language.

會造成病患有行為、性格和語言方面的問題。

The frontal and temporal lobes are areas of the brain generally associated with personality, behavior and language.

額葉和顳葉通常是與性格、行為和語言有關大腦區域。

According to the Alzheimer's Association, frontotemporal dementia may account for 20-50% of dementia cases in people younger than 65 years of age.

據阿滋海默症協會，額顳葉失智症可能佔 65 歲以下的失智病例的 20-50%。

The condition tends to start at a small age.

這種情況往往在年紀尚輕的時候就開始了。

Like other forms of dementia, frontotemporal dementia is progressive, developing slowly and gets gradually worse over time.

與其他類型的失智症一樣，額顳葉失智症是漸進式的，發展緩慢，並隨著時間的推移逐漸惡化。

Frontotemporal dementia equally affects men and women.

男性和女性都會被額顳葉失智症影響。

Causes

原因

Frontotemporal dementia occurs when the frontal and the temporal lobes of the brain shrink.

當大腦的額葉和顳葉萎縮時，就會發生額顳葉失智症。

It is not fully understood why this happens, but there is often a genetic link.

目前還不完全瞭解為什麼會發生這種情況，但這往往與遺傳有關。

Although a variety of mutations on several different genes have been linked to specific subtypes of the condition,

儘管幾種不同基因的各種突變與該病症的特定亞型有關，

about one in every three people with the condition has a family history of dementia.

大約每三個患有這種疾病的人中就有一個有失智症的家族史。

Some cases of frontal temporal dementia occur in people with no family history of dementia.

但也有一些額顳葉失智症病例發生在沒有失智症家族史的人身上。

The degeneration that occurs in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain is divided into two main subtypes,

發生在大腦額葉和顳葉的退化分為兩種主要亞型，

one involving the accumulation of a protein called Tau in the brain, and the other involving the protein TDP 43.

一個跟大腦中稱為 Tau 的蛋白質累積有關，另一個跟蛋白質 TDP 43 有關。

Symptoms

症狀

Symptoms may vary greatly from one individual to the next.

症狀可能因人而異。

Behavioral symptoms which may include apathy, a decline in personal hygiene, lack of judgment and inhibition,

行為症狀可能包括冷漠、個人衛生習慣下降、缺乏判斷力和約束、

increasingly inappropriate actions, lack of empathy and other interpersonal skills, changes in eating habit,

越來越不恰當的行為、缺乏同理心和與他人交際的能力、飲食習慣的改變、

lack of awareness of thinking or behavioral changes, repetitive compulsive disorder.

不知道自身的思維或行為改變、重複性強迫症。

Speech problems which may include speaking slowly, getting words in the wrong order, difficulty in using and understanding spoken words.

語言表達問題可能包括說話緩慢、單字順序錯誤、在使用和理解口語表達的話語上有困難。

Movement problems which may include tremor, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, muscle spasm, rigidity, poor coordination.

運動問題可能包括顫抖、吞嚥困難、肌肉無力、肌肉痙攣、身體僵硬、協調性差。

Other problems may include struggling with planning and organization, getting distracted easily, loss of bladder or bowel control, memory loss which only tends to occur later on.

其他問題可能包括組織計畫能力異常、容易分心、膀胱或腸道無法控制，還有在後期才比較會發生的記憶力減退。

Diagnosis and treatment

診斷和治療

No single test is available to identify the condition,

目前還沒有單一的測試可用於診斷額顳葉失智症，

so what medical professionals try to do is identify certain characteristics and features while excluding other possible causes.

因此，醫療專業人員會試著從確定某些病徵下手，同時排除其他可能的原因。

It's always difficult to make a diagnosis at the early stage because symptoms often overlap with those of other conditions.

在初期做出診斷是很困難的，因為該疾病的症狀通常與其他病症的症狀重疊。

The following tests may help with the diagnosis.

以下測試可能有助於診斷。

A blood test to see if symptoms are caused by other conditions, such as kidney or liver disease.

驗血來確定出現的症狀是否是因其他疾病引起，例如腎臟或肝臟疾病。

Neurological testing which may include a more extensive assessment of reasoning and memory skills.

神經學測試可能包括更廣泛的推理和記憶能力評估。

This type of test may be helpful in determining the type of dementia if any is present.

這種類型的測試可能有助於確定失智症的類型（如果有的話）。

Imaging tests such as MRI scans, or PET (positron emission tomograph) of the brain.

影像測試，例如核磁共振造影或腦部的正子斷層掃描。

These tests provide visual image of the brain which may help the doctor pinpoint any visible abnormalities, such as clots, tumors or bleeding that may be responsible for symptoms.

這些測試可以提供大腦的視覺影像，可以幫助醫生查明任何可見的異常情況，例如可能導致症狀的血塊、腫瘤或出血。

Treatment

治療

This condition can't be cured.

額顳葉失智症是無法治癒的。

Treatment option involves managing the symptoms.

治療以症狀控制為主。

They include: antidepressants to reduce behavioral changes,

包括給予抗憂鬱藥來減少行為上的變化、

Antipsychotics,

抗精神病藥、

speech therapy for people with language difficulties.

對有語言障礙的人進行語言治療。

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Please do not forget to like and share the video.

請不要忘記按讚和分享這部影片。

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