I've been blown away by the whole thing.

這一切都讓我太震驚。 I've been blown away by the whole thing.

In fact, I'm leaving. (Laughter)

所以我現在要離開了。（笑聲） In fact, I'm leaving. (Laughter)

There have been three themes, haven't there,

我今天要談的 There have been three themes, haven't there,

running through the conference, which are relevant

與貫穿這次研討會的 running through the conference, which are relevant

to what I want to talk about.

三個主題相關。 to what I want to talk about.

One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity

首先，這些演說與這裏的每個人 One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity

in all of the presentations that we've had

所涵蓋領域 in all of the presentations that we've had

and in all of the people here. Just the variety of it

的廣度與歧異度 and in all of the people here. Just the variety of it

and the range of it. The second is that

是展現人類創意的傑出典範。第二、 and the range of it. The second is that

it's put us in a place where we have no idea what's going to happen,

這樣的創意讓人了解到，我們根本不能預知 it's put us in a place where we have no idea what's going to happen,

in terms of the future. No idea

未來。我們不知道 in terms of the future. No idea

how this may play out.

未來會是何種面貌 how this may play out.

I have an interest in education --

我對教育議題有興趣 — I have an interest in education --

actually, what I find is everybody has an interest in education.

事實上，我發現每個人都對教育有興趣 actually, what I find is everybody has an interest in education.

Don't you? I find this very interesting.

不是嗎？我覺得很有趣的是 Don't you? I find this very interesting.

If you're at a dinner party, and you say

即便在一個晚宴上，你告訴大家 If you're at a dinner party, and you say

you work in education --

你在教育界服務。 you work in education --

actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly, if you work in education.

坦白說你很少會參加那些晚宴啦，因為如果你在教育界工作 actually, you're not often at dinner parties, frankly, if you work in education.

(Laughter) You're not asked.

（笑聲）沒人會邀請你去。 (Laughter) You're not asked.

And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me.

詭異的是就算請你去一次，也不會再請你去第二次。 And you're never asked back, curiously. That's strange to me.

But if you are, and you say to somebody,

但是如果你應邀出席了，你問同桌的某人， But if you are, and you say to somebody,

you know, they say, "What do you do?"

他在何處高就， you know, they say, "What do you do?"

and you say you work in education,

然後說你自己在教育界工作。 and you say you work in education,

you can see the blood run from their face. They're like,

你立刻會看到他們臉上出現三條黑線，彷彿是說： you can see the blood run from their face. They're like,

"Oh my God," you know, "Why me? My one night out all week." (Laughter)

天啊！為什麼是我？我這星期好不容易有個晚上可以輕鬆一下。（笑聲） "Oh my God," you know, "Why me? My one night out all week." (Laughter)

But if you ask about their education,

但如果你問大家受過什麼樣教育， But if you ask about their education,

they pin you to the wall. Because it's one of those things

每個人都滔滔不絕說個沒完。因為這是影響 they pin you to the wall. Because it's one of those things

that goes deep with people, am I right?

人們極深的幾個主題之一，對吧？ that goes deep with people, am I right?

Like religion, and money and other things.

就像宗教、金錢或其他一些事情一樣。 Like religion, and money and other things.

I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do.

我個人對教育極感興趣，我猜我們都是這樣。 I have a big interest in education, and I think we all do.

We have a huge vested interest in it,

大家都對教育興趣濃厚， We have a huge vested interest in it,

partly because it's education that's meant to

其中部份原因是： partly because it's education that's meant to

take us into this future that we can't grasp.

教育可用來幫助我們掌握難以理解的未來。 take us into this future that we can't grasp.

If you think of it, children starting school this year

試想，今年開始上學的小孩 If you think of it, children starting school this year

will be retiring in 2065. Nobody has a clue --

將在西元 2065 年退休。沒人會知道 — will be retiring in 2065. Nobody has a clue --

despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days --

儘管我們在過去四天中探討了各種專業知識 — despite all the expertise that's been on parade for the past four days --

what the world will look like

五年後世界會怎樣。 what the world will look like

in five years' time. And yet we're meant

但我們本來應該是要 in five years' time. And yet we're meant

to be educating them for it. So the unpredictability, I think,

教育這些孩子為將來預作準備，所以我認為，未來的不可預知性 to be educating them for it. So the unpredictability, I think,

is extraordinary.

是極為特殊的。 is extraordinary.

And the third part of this is that

第三部份是 And the third part of this is that

we've all agreed, nonetheless, on the

我們都仍同意 we've all agreed, nonetheless, on the

really extraordinary capacities that children have --

孩童擁有驚人的潛力 — really extraordinary capacities that children have --

their capacities for innovation. I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel,

他們創新的潛力。我是說，昨晚的莎琳娜真是令人驚奇， their capacities for innovation. I mean, Sirena last night was a marvel,

wasn't she? Just seeing what she could do.

不是嗎？目睹了昨晚莎琳娜能做到的事。 wasn't she? Just seeing what she could do.

And she's exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak,

她真是優秀，但我認為在所有的孩童裡面， And she's exceptional, but I think she's not, so to speak,

exceptional in the whole of childhood.

她並沒有那麼的特殊。 exceptional in the whole of childhood.

What you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication

昨晚你見到的只是一個已經發現他才能的人 What you have there is a person of extraordinary dedication

who found a talent. And my contention is,

非常專心致力於其天賦的結果。我的觀點是 who found a talent. And my contention is,

all kids have tremendous talents.

所有孩子都天賦異稟。 all kids have tremendous talents.

And we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.

都被我們殘酷的浪費了。 And we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.

So I want to talk about education and

所以我想談談教育 So I want to talk about education and

I want to talk about creativity. My contention is that

與創意。我的論點是 I want to talk about creativity. My contention is that

creativity now is as important in education as literacy,

在我們的教育裏，創意與識字能力同等重要， creativity now is as important in education as literacy,

and we should treat it with the same status.

我們應該給予兩者平等的地位。 and we should treat it with the same status.

(Applause) Thank you. That was it, by the way.

（掌聲）謝謝。就這樣，我說完了。 (Applause) Thank you. That was it, by the way.

Thank you very much. (Laughter) So, 15 minutes left.

非常謝謝大家。（笑聲）所以，還剩下十五分鐘。 Thank you very much. (Laughter) So, 15 minutes left.

Well, I was born ... no. (Laughter)

這個嘛，我生於 — 不，開玩笑的（笑聲） Well, I was born ... no. (Laughter)

I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it --

我最近聽到了一個很棒的故事 — 我很愛轉述它 — I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it --

of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson. She was six

有個小女孩在上繪畫課。她六歲， of a little girl who was in a drawing lesson. She was six

and she was at the back, drawing,

她坐在教室後方畫畫， and she was at the back, drawing,

and the teacher said this little girl hardly ever

老師說這小女孩平常非常難專注在 and the teacher said this little girl hardly ever

paid attention, and in this drawing lesson she did.

一件事物上，但是今天她很專心。 paid attention, and in this drawing lesson she did.

The teacher was fascinated and she went over to her

老師非常的好奇，於是老師走向小女孩 The teacher was fascinated and she went over to her

and she said, "What are you drawing?"

問道：妳在畫什麼？ and she said, "What are you drawing?"

And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God."

小女孩說：我正在畫一幅上帝的畫像。 And the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God."

And the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like."

老師又說：可是沒人知道上帝長什麼樣子啊。 And the teacher said, "But nobody knows what God looks like."

And the girl said, "They will in a minute."

小女孩接著說：那他們馬上就會知道了。 And the girl said, "They will in a minute."

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

When my son was four in England --

當我兒子四歲在英國的時候， When my son was four in England --

actually he was four everywhere, to be honest. (Laughter)

其實，說實話，他在各地都是四歲。（笑聲） actually he was four everywhere, to be honest. (Laughter)

If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year.

我們對他很嚴格，不管去哪他都是四歲。 If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year.

He was in the Nativity play.

他在聖誕節參加演出耶穌誕生的兒童劇。 He was in the Nativity play.

Do you remember the story? No, it was big.

你們記得那個故事嗎？它很著名。 Do you remember the story? No, it was big.

It was a big story. Mel Gibson did the sequel.

那是個很著名的故事。梅爾‧吉勃遜演了續集。 It was a big story. Mel Gibson did the sequel.

You may have seen it: "Nativity II." But James got the part of Joseph,

耶穌誕生第二集，你們也許看過。但我兒子詹姆士扮演耶穌的養父聖若瑟， You may have seen it: "Nativity II." But James got the part of Joseph,

which we were thrilled about.

我們很興奮。 which we were thrilled about.

We considered this to be one of the lead parts.

我們認為這角色是主角群之一。 We considered this to be one of the lead parts.

We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts:

觀眾席上擠滿了我們找來穿著印有 We had the place crammed full of agents in T-shirts:

"James Robinson IS Joseph!" (Laughter)

「詹姆士‧羅賓森是聖若瑟」字樣T恤的人。（笑聲） "James Robinson IS Joseph!" (Laughter)

He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit

不過他是沒有台詞的，你知道故事中來自 He didn't have to speak, but you know the bit

where the three kings come in. They come in bearing gifts,

東方的三博士來朝拜剛出生的耶穌。他們輪流獻上 where the three kings come in. They come in bearing gifts,

and they bring gold, frankincense and myrhh.

黃金、乳香與沒藥三項禮物。 and they bring gold, frankincense and myrhh.

This really happened. We were sitting there

我們坐在那看戲時,這是真實發生的情況歐， This really happened. We were sitting there

and I think they just went out of sequence,

我發現他們把獻禮的順序弄錯了， and I think they just went out of sequence,

because we talked to the little boy afterward and we said,

我們後來問兒子說： because we talked to the little boy afterward and we said,

"You OK with that?" And he said, "Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"

你不在意嗎？他說：這有什麼錯嗎？ "You OK with that?" And he said, "Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"

They just switched, that was it.

他們就換ㄧ下順序而已啊。 They just switched, that was it.

Anyway, the three boys came in --

故事繼續，這三個四歲小男孩走進耶穌的家， Anyway, the three boys came in --

four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads --

頭上包著毛巾布， four-year-olds with tea towels on their heads --

and they put these boxes down,

他們把裝禮物的三個盒子放下， and they put these boxes down,

and the first boy said, "I bring you gold."

第一個小男孩說：我為你獻上黃金。 and the first boy said, "I bring you gold."

And the second boy said, "I bring you myrhh."

第二個說：我為你獻上沒藥。 And the second boy said, "I bring you myrhh."

And the third boy said, "Frank sent this." (Laughter)

第三個小男孩說：這是法蘭克送的(Frank sent this)[應為乳香-Frankincense，但小男孩不會發音] And the third boy said, "Frank sent this." (Laughter)

What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance.

這些故事的共通處說明了小孩願意冒險。 What these things have in common is that kids will take a chance.

If they don't know, they'll have a go.

有不知道的事，他們就用猜的。 If they don't know, they'll have a go.

Am I right? They're not frightened of being wrong.

我說的對吧？他們不怕犯錯。 Am I right? They're not frightened of being wrong.

Now, I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative.

當然，我不是說犯錯等於有創意。 Now, I don't mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being creative.

What we do know is,

但是我們知道 What we do know is,

if you're not prepared to be wrong,

如果你沒有犯錯的心理準備， if you're not prepared to be wrong,

you'll never come up with anything original.

就永遠無法發揮獨創性。 you'll never come up with anything original.

If you're not prepared to be wrong. And by the time they get to be adults,

如果你都不準備犯錯。當他們長大成人時， If you're not prepared to be wrong. And by the time they get to be adults,

most kids have lost that capacity.

絕大部份孩子已經失去這項冒險的能力了。 most kids have lost that capacity.

They have become frightened of being wrong.

他們會變得害怕犯錯。 They have become frightened of being wrong.

And we run our companies like this, by the way.

順道一提，我們就是這樣經營公司企業的。 And we run our companies like this, by the way.

We stigmatize mistakes. And we're now running

我們懲罰錯誤。我們現在也以 We stigmatize mistakes. And we're now running

national education systems where

同樣方式在經營國家的教育制度， national education systems where

mistakes are the worst thing you can make.

告訴孩子犯錯是最糟的事。 mistakes are the worst thing you can make.

And the result is that we are educating people out of

而結果是我們教出一堆 And the result is that we are educating people out of

their creative capacities. Picasso once said this.

沒有創意的人。畢卡索曾經說過： their creative capacities. Picasso once said this.

He said that all children are born artists.

所有孩子都是天生的藝術家。 He said that all children are born artists.

The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up. I believe this passionately,

問題是如何維持藝術家的性格到成年。我堅信： The problem is to remain an artist as we grow up. I believe this passionately,

that we don't grow into creativity,

我們不會越老越有創意， that we don't grow into creativity,

we grow out of it. Or rather, we get educated out if it.

我們的成長背離創意。或者說，教育抹煞了我們的創造力。 we grow out of it. Or rather, we get educated out if it.

So why is this?

為什麼呢？ So why is this?

I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago.

我以前住在英國埃文河畔的斯特拉福，莎士比亞的家鄉。 I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago.

In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles.

我們五年前從那搬到美國洛杉磯。 In fact, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles.

So you can imagine what a seamless transition that was.

所以你可以了解，這是個多麼平順的轉變吧。 So you can imagine what a seamless transition that was.

(Laughter) Actually,

（笑聲）事實上， (Laughter) Actually,

we lived in a place called Snitterfield,

我們那時住在斯特拉福外圍的 we lived in a place called Snitterfield,

just outside Stratford, which is where

斯尼特菲爾，那是 just outside Stratford, which is where

Shakespeare's father was born. Are you struck by a new thought? I was.

莎翁父親出生的小鎮。這有沒有讓你聯想到什麼？我有。 Shakespeare's father was born. Are you struck by a new thought? I was.

You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?

你從來沒想過莎士比亞也有爸爸吧？有嗎？ You don't think of Shakespeare having a father, do you?

Do you? Because you don't think of

想過嗎？因為你沒有想過 Do you? Because you don't think of

Shakespeare being a child, do you?

莎士比亞曾經是個小孩，有嗎？ Shakespeare being a child, do you?

Shakespeare being seven? I never thought of it. I mean, he was

七歲的莎士比亞？我從來沒想過。我是說， Shakespeare being seven? I never thought of it. I mean, he was

seven at some point. He was in

他曾經是七歲大。他曾經是 seven at some point. He was in

somebody's English class, wasn't he? How annoying would that be?

某人英文課上的學生，難道不是嗎？想想那會有多討厭？ somebody's English class, wasn't he? How annoying would that be?

(Laughter) "Must try harder." Being sent to bed by his dad, you know,

（笑聲）「你得更用功」爸爸趕他上床睡覺，你知道的， (Laughter) "Must try harder." Being sent to bed by his dad, you know,

to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now,"

跟莎士比亞說：上床睡覺，馬上！ to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now,"

to William Shakespeare, "and put the pencil down.

威廉‧莎士比亞，「給我把鉛筆放下。 to William Shakespeare, "and put the pencil down.

And stop speaking like that. It's confusing everybody."

而且別再用那種辭彙講話，大家都聽的霧煞煞。」 And stop speaking like that. It's confusing everybody."

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles,

反正呢，我們從斯特拉福搬到洛城， Anyway, we moved from Stratford to Los Angeles,

and I just want to say a word about the transition, actually.

我事實上只是想談談我們的這個轉變。 and I just want to say a word about the transition, actually.

My son didn't want to come.

我的兒子並不想來。 My son didn't want to come.

I've got two kids. He's 21 now; my daughter's 16.

我有兩個孩子。兒子今年 21，女兒 16 歲。 I've got two kids. He's 21 now; my daughter's 16.

He didn't want to come to Los Angeles. He loved it,

他不想來洛杉磯。他很喜歡這裡， He didn't want to come to Los Angeles. He loved it,

but he had a girlfriend in England. This was the love of his life, Sarah.

但因為他在英國有女朋友。名叫莎拉，她是他人生至愛。 but he had a girlfriend in England. This was the love of his life, Sarah.

He'd known her for a month.

他那時認識她一個月。 He'd known her for a month.

Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary,

告訴你，他們好像已經認識四年一樣， Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary,

because it's a long time when you're 16.

因為對 16 歲來說一個月是個很長的時間。 because it's a long time when you're 16.

Anyway, he was really upset on the plane,

無論如何，我兒子在飛機上很難過， Anyway, he was really upset on the plane,

and he said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."

他說：我再也找不到像莎拉這樣的女孩了。 and he said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."

And we were rather pleased about that, frankly,

但坦白說，我們對此挺高興的， And we were rather pleased about that, frankly,

because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.

因為她是我們決定搬離英國的主要原因。 because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.

(Laughter)

（笑聲） (Laughter)

But something strikes you when you move to America

但當你來到美國 But something strikes you when you move to America

and when you travel around the world:

或是在世界各地旅行時 and when you travel around the world:

Every education system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects.

你會驚訝的發現，這地球上所有教育系統都有同樣的科目階級制度。 Every education system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects.

Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.

不管你去哪裏，都是這樣。 Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.

You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't.

你以為會有所不同，但真的沒有差別。 You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't.

At the top are mathematics and languages,

最高階的學科是數學和語文， At the top are mathematics and languages,

then the humanities, and the bottom are the arts.

接著是人文社會科目，而藝術則是墊底的科目。 then the humanities, and the bottom are the arts.

Everywhere on Earth.

到處都一樣。 Everywhere on Earth.

And in pretty much every system too,

而且每個教育體系中的藝術課程中， And in pretty much every system too,

there's a hierarchy within the arts.

也都有同樣的階級制度。 there's a hierarchy within the arts.

Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools

美術和音樂課程在學校永遠比 Art and music are normally given a higher status in schools

than drama and dance. There isn't an education system on the planet

戲劇和舞蹈課程更重要。這地球上沒有一個教育系統 than drama and dance. There isn't an education system on the planet

that teaches dance every day to children

每天教授小孩們跳舞， that teaches dance every day to children

the way we teach them mathematics. Why?

就像教數學一樣。為什麼呢？ the way we teach them mathematics. Why?

Why not? I think this is rather important.

為什麼不呢？我覺得這很重要。 Why not? I think this is rather important.

I think math is very important, but so is dance.

我認為數學非常重要，但舞蹈也是。 I think math is very important, but so is dance.

Children dance all the time if they're allowed to, we all do.

如果被允許，孩子們無時無刻不在跳舞，我們都是這樣。 Children dance all the time if they're allowed to, we all do.

We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?

我們都有肢體，不是嗎？我錯過了什麼嗎？ We all have bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?

(Laughter) Truthfully, what happens is,

（笑聲）這一切背後的真相是， (Laughter) Truthfully, what happens is,

as children grow up, we start to educate them

當小孩開始成長，我們的教育重心 as children grow up, we start to educate them

progressively from the waist up. And then we focus on their heads.

大量移至腰部以上。然後著重在頭部。 progressively from the waist up. And then we focus on their heads.

And slightly to one side.

並且沒有左右均衡。 And slightly to one side.

If you were to visit education, as an alien,

如果你觀察這種教育制度，當個局外人， If you were to visit education, as an alien,

and say "What's it for, public education?"

然後問：公立教育的目的是什麼呢？ and say "What's it for, public education?"

I think you'd have to conclude -- if you look at the output,

我想你的結論會是 — 如果你以結果論， I think you'd have to conclude -- if you look at the output,

who really succeeds by this,

誰能在這種制度下成功？ who really succeeds by this,

who does everything that they should,

誰是乖乖牌，從不犯錯？ who does everything that they should,

who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners --

誰累積了最多嘉獎？誰是贏家？— who gets all the brownie points, who are the winners --

I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education

我想你會得到這樣的結論， I think you'd have to conclude the whole purpose of public education

throughout the world

全球公立教育的目的只是 throughout the world

is to produce university professors. Isn't it?

製造大學教授，難道不是嗎？ is to produce university professors. Isn't it?

They're the people who come out the top.

他們是那群高分畢業的人。 They're the people who come out the top.

And I used to be one, so there. (Laughter)

我以前也是大學教授，所以你看吧！（笑聲） And I used to be one, so there. (Laughter)

And I like university professors, but you know,

當然我喜歡大學教授，但你知道， And I like university professors, but you know,

we shouldn't hold them up as the high-water mark of all human achievement.

我們不應將他們視為人類成就的最高指標。 we shouldn't hold them up as the high-water mark of all human achievement.

They're just a form of life,

那只是一種生活方式， They're just a form of life,

another form of life. But they're rather curious,

就只是一種不同的生活方式。是但教授們是有些古怪的， another form of life. But they're rather curious,

and I say this out of affection for them.

我會這樣說是因為，我對他們有深厚的感情。 and I say this out of affection for them.

There's something curious about professors in my experience --

在我的經驗裏，教授們是有點難以理解的 — There's something curious about professors in my experience --

not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads.

不是所有教授都這樣，但一般來說 — 他們活在自己腦袋中。 not all of them, but typically -- they live in their heads.

They live up there, and slightly to one side.

他們都活在那兒，而且稍微偏向一邊。 They live up there, and slightly to one side.

They're disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way.

他們是脫離現實的，你知道，我沒有誇大。 They're disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way.

They look upon their body

他們向下看著他們的身體， They look upon their body

as a form of transport for their heads, don't they?

將其視為運輸頭部的一種交通工具，難道不是嗎？ as a form of transport for their heads, don't they?

(Laughter) It's a way of getting their head to meetings.

（笑聲）是將他們的腦袋帶往會議場所的一種方式。 (Laughter) It's a way of getting their head to meetings.

If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences,

如果你還需要這種離體經驗的真實證據， If you want real evidence of out-of-body experiences,

by the way, get yourself along to a residential conference

順道提一下，去參加一個由資深學者組成的 by the way, get yourself along to a residential conference

of senior academics,

需要住宿的研討會， of senior academics,

and pop into the discotheque on the final night.

然後在最後一個晚上，到大會附近的舞廳去。 and pop into the discotheque on the final night.

(Laughter) And there you will see it -- grown men and women

（笑聲）那你就會看到我所謂的證據，許多成年男女 (Laughter) And there you will see it -- grown men and women

writhing uncontrollably, off the beat,

痛苦的扭動著身體，完全跟不上節拍， writhing uncontrollably, off the beat,

waiting until it ends so they can go home and write a paper about it.

他們只想等著舞曲結束，好快點回家寫一篇關於此行的報告。 waiting until it ends so they can go home and write a paper about it.

Now our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability.

我們將教育制度建構在學術能力上。 Now our education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability.

And there's a reason.

是有原因的。 And there's a reason.

The whole system was invented -- around the world, there were

這整個系統是被創造的 — 全球皆然， The whole system was invented -- around the world, there were

no public systems of education, really, before the 19th century.

真的，十九世紀前並沒有公立教育制度。 no public systems of education, really, before the 19th century.

They all came into being

這系統的目的是要 They all came into being

to meet the needs of industrialism.

滿足西方工業化的需求。 to meet the needs of industrialism.

So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.

所以這個階級制度根植在兩種概念上。 So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.

Number one, that the most useful subjects for work

首先，最有利工作的學科 Number one, that the most useful subjects for work

are at the top. So you were probably steered benignly away

享有最高地位。所以當你還是個孩子的時候，在學校 are at the top. So you were probably steered benignly away

from things at school when you were a kid, things you liked,

就被良性的指導不要去學某些東西，一些你喜歡的事物， from things at school when you were a kid, things you liked,

on the grounds that you would

因為就算你學了 on the grounds that you would

never get a job doing that. Is that right?

以後工作也用不上。對吧？ never get a job doing that. Is that right?

Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician;

別學音樂，因為你不會變成音樂家; Don't do music, you're not going to be a musician;

don't do art, you won't be an artist.

別學美術，你不會變成藝術家。 don't do art, you won't be an artist.

Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken. The whole world

善意的建議 — 才怪，大錯特錯。這整個世界 Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken. The whole world

is engulfed in a revolution.

都被工業革命吞沒。 is engulfed in a revolution.

And the second is academic ability, which has really come to dominate

第二，我們對智力的看法取決於 And the second is academic ability, which has really come to dominate

our view of intelligence,

學術能力的高底， our view of intelligence,

because the universities designed the system in their image.

因為大學院校以他們自己的經驗為藍本來設計教育制度。 because the universities designed the system in their image.

If you think of it, the whole system

你仔細思考就會發現， If you think of it, the whole system

of public education around the world is a protracted process

全世界的公立教育系統都只是為進入 of public education around the world is a protracted process

of university entrance.

大學之門鋪路。 of university entrance.

And the consequence is that many highly talented,

而結果造成許多有天份、 And the consequence is that many highly talented,

brilliant, creative people think they're not,

有創意的、聰明的學生自我否定， brilliant, creative people think they're not,

because the thing they were good at at school