We send e-mails, make calls over the internet

我們利用它來收發信件，打網路電話

and discuss topics we take an interest in.

討論我們有興趣的話題

Even our banking is going virtual.

甚至連銀行業務都要虛擬化

But what we take for granted today

然而在今日我們認為理所當然的事物

was only a vague idea fifty years ago.

在50年前竟只是個模糊的構想

In order to understand how we got this far

為了能夠瞭解我們何以發展至今日的成就

let's go back to 1957, when everything began.

先把時間拉回到1957年，當這一切萌芽之初

Before 1957 computers only worked on one task at a time.

1957年前的電腦，一次只能夠處理一件事情

This is called batch processing.

這種方式被稱作｢批次處理｣

Of course, this was quite ineffective.

當然，這的確是挺沒效率的

With computers getting bigger and bigger

隨著電腦外型越做越大的時候

they had to be stored in special cooled rooms.

就必須將其存放在特殊的冷卻機房裡

But then the developers couldn't work directly on the computers anymore –

但這樣一來，開發者就沒辦法直接操作電腦了

specialists had to be called in to connect them.

這些專家就得應要求將其連結起來

Programming at that time meant a lot of manual work

在當時，程式設計需要極大量的人工作業

and the indirect connection to the computers led to

而且這些電腦之間的間接連結導致了

a lot of bugs, wasting time and fraying the developers´ nerves.

很多程式錯誤，不但耗時也讓製造者神經緊張

The year 1957 marked a big change.

到了1957年有了重大的改變

A remote connection had to be installed

在安裝了遠端連接以後

so the developers could work directly on the computers.

這些開發者就可以直接操控電腦

At the same time the idea of time-sharing came up.

同時，｢分時系統｣的構想也開始出現

This is the first concept in computer technology

這是在電腦科技中有史以來第一個

to share the processing power of one computer with multiple users.

以一台電腦同時向許多用戶分享其資源的概念

On October 4th 1957, during the Cold War

在1957年10月4號，美蘇冷戰時期中

the first unmanned satellite, Sputnik 1, was sent into orbit by the Soviet Union.

蘇聯成功地將史上第一個人造衛星｢史波尼克1號｣送進地球軌道

The fear of a "Missile Gap" emerged.

美國人對於｢飛彈量差距｣(Missile Gap)的恐懼也浮出檯面

In order to secure America's lead in technology,

為了鞏固美國領導科技的地位

the US founded the "Defense Advanced Research Project Agency" in February 1958.

美國於1958年2月成立了｢國防高等研究計劃站(DARPA)｣

At that time, knowledge was only transferred by people.

在當時，各種訊息皆是經由人來相互傳遞的

The DARPA planned a large-scale computer network

DARPA策畫了一個大規模的電腦網路

in order to accelerate knowledge transfer and avoid the doubling up

目地是為了加速傳遞時間，同時也避免重複傳遞

of already existing research.

已經有的資料

This network would become the Arpanet.

這些網路就組成了｢阿帕網｣

Furthermore three other concepts were to be developed,

此外，另外3個概念也同時開始發展

which are fundamental for the history of the Internet:

成為了當今網際網路歷史發展中的根基：

The concept of a military network by the RAND Corporation in America.

由美國的藍德公司(RAND)提出的軍用網路概念

The commercial network of the National Physical Laboratory in England.

由英國國家物理實驗室(NPL)提出的商用網路概念

And the scientific network, Cyclades, in France.

以及法國CYCLADES提出的科學網路概念

The scientific, military and commercial approaches of these concepts

從科學、軍事、商業角度接近的這些概念

are the foundations for our modern Internet.

是為當今網際網路的基礎

Let's begin with the Arpanet, the most familiar of these networks.

讓我們先從｢阿帕網｣，這些網路中最熟悉的開始介紹

Its development began in 1966.

其發展從1966年開始

Universities were generally quite cautious about sharing their computers.

各大學在分享他們的電腦時基本上都很小心

Therefore small computers were put on front of the mainframe.

因此，在主機前會擺出另一種較小的電腦

This computer, the Interface Message Processor, took over control of the network actvitities,

這個電腦，或是｢介面訊息處理器(IMP)｣掌控了網路活動

while the mainframe was only in charge of the initialization of programs and data files.

而主機只需要負責程式或是檔案資料的初始化

At the same time, the IMP also served as interface for the mainframe.

與此同時，IMP也充當為與主機互動的界面

Since only the IMPs were interconnected in a network

也因為只有IMP跟網路相路連結

this was also called IMP-subnet.

這個網路也被稱作｢IMP子網路｣

For the first connections between the computers

當第一次電腦之間開始相互連結時

the Network Working Group developed the Network Control Protocol [Network Control Program].

網路工作小組開發了網路通訊協定NCP

Later on, the NCP was replaced by the more efficient Transmission Control Protocol.

往後，NCP被更有效率的網路通訊協定TCP取代

The specific feature of the TCP is the verification of the file transfer.

TCP協定最大的特色就是會確認檔案的傳輸

Let's take a short detour to England.

接下來轉過來介紹英國

Since the NPL network was designed on a commercial basis

既然NPL的網路是設計在商業的基礎之上

a lot of users and file transfer were expected.

因此預計會有大量的使用者以及資料傳輸

In order to avoid congestion of the lines, the sent files were divided into smaller packets

為了要避免線路擁擠，檔案傳輸需要將其先分割為數個小封包

which were put together again at the receiver.

等到了接收端再重新組合起來

"Packet Switching" was born!

｢封包交換｣由此產生

In 1962 American ferret aircrafts discovered middle and long range range missiles in Cuba,

1962年，美國偵察機在古巴發現了數枚中遠程飛彈

which were able to reach the United States.

有能力攻擊美國本土

This stoked fear of an atomic conflict.

如此更加深了對於核子衝突的恐懼

At that time information systems had a centralized network architecture.

在當時，網路資訊系統採用中心化的設計

To avoid the breakdown during an attack,

為了避免攻擊所造成的資訊中斷

a decentralized network architecture had to be developed,

必須開始發展｢去中心化｣的網路設計架構

which in case of loss of a node would still be operative.

如此一來儘管失去其中一個節點，網路依舊可以正常運作

Communication still used to work through radio waves,

傳輸方面依然是使用無線電波

that would have caused problems in case of an atomic attack:

但若發生核子攻擊則會發生以下的問題：

the ionosphere would be affected and the long-wave radio waves wouldn't work anymore.

電離層會被核爆影響，長程無線電波將會失去效用

Therefore they had to use direct waves, which, however, don't have a long range.

因此，他們必須使用直線波段，然而可以傳輸的距離卻不長

A better solution was the model of a distributed network.

較好的解決辦法是利用分散網路的模型

Thus long distances could be covered with a minimum of interference.

如此就算是長距離也可以幾乎不受干擾的影響

Another milestone followed with the development of the French network "Cyclades".

另一個里程碑是由法國的網路｢CYCLADES｣所立下的

Since Cyclades had a far smaller budget than Arpanet and thus also fewer nodes

由於｢CYCLADES｣比｢阿帕網｣少了很多預算，因此只有不多的節點

the focus was layed on the communication with other networks.

所以發展重點擺在與其他網路的相互連接

In this way the term "inter-net" was born.

在如此發展下，｢網際網路｣一詞就此誕生

Moreover, Cyclades´ concept went further than ARPA's and the NPL's.

除此之外，｢CYCLADES｣的概念延伸更是超越了｢阿帕網｣和｢NPL｣

During communication between sender and receiver the computers were not to intervene anymore,

在發送和接受端的傳輸之間，中間的電腦再也不會進行干預了

but simply serve as a transfer node.

而只是充當一個傳輸用的節點

Cyclades´ protocol went through all machines using a physical layer

｢CYCLADES｣在傳輸時的通訊協定是經過所有安裝在

that was implemented into the hardware,

電腦硬體裡的實體層

providing a direct connection with the receiver – an end-to-end structure.

提供了和接收端最直接的連接－頭尾相連的架構

Inspired by the Cyclades network and driven by the incompatibility between the networks,

受到｢CYCLADES｣啟示，以及各個網路之間不相容問題的驅使下

their connection gained in importance everywhere.

各地網路之間的連接變的越來越重要

The phone companies developed the X.25 protocol which enabled communication

電話公司開發了X.25通訊協定，使得每個傳輸得以

through their servers – in exchange for monthly basic charge of course.

經過他們的伺服器，當然也藉此跟你收取每個月的基本帳單費用

DARPA's Transmission Control Protocol was to connect the computers through gateways...

｢DARPA｣的TCP通訊協定讓每台電腦連接經過網關...

and the International Organization for Standardization designed the OSI Reference Model.

還有國際標準化組織(ISO)設計了｢開放式通信系統互聯參考模型(OSI模型)｣

The innovation of OSI was the attempt to standardize the network from its ends

OSI模型的創新之處在於試圖從網路底端將其標準化

and the channel's division into separate layers.

然後再延伸至傳輸管道分配為不同階層

Finally, the TCP assimilated the preferences of the OSI Reference Model

最後，TCP協定使用了OSI模型為主的設定

and gave way to the TCP/IP protocol –

然後將地位退讓給了｢TCP/IP通訊協定｣－

a standard which guaranteed compatibility between networks

一個可以保證網路之間相容性的標準

and finally merged them, creating the Internet.

到最後將其合併，創造出了今日的｢網際網路｣

By February 28, 1990 the ARPANET hardware was removed, but the Internet...

在1990年2月28日，｢阿帕網｣的硬體被移除了，然而｢網際網路｣...

... was up and running.

...也開始運作了

Subtitles by HackJack (aka StevXtreme)

字幕翻譯 by 李昀泰 (aka Terry Lee & yam9999963) �