Name: 【TED】許爾文‧努蘭醫師談電擊療法 (Sherwin Nuland: How electroshock therapy changed me)
Uploaded: 2013-08-09T10:56:30.000Z
Duration: 22 min 30 s

程度副詞

I'd like to do pretty much what I did the first time,

which is to choose a light-hearted theme.

Last time, I talked about death and dying.

This time, I'm going to talk about mental illness.

so I'll talk about electroshock therapy. (Laughter)

that some of his other people, his colleagues,

could be different, could be strange, could be severely depressed

可能和自己不同、行徑怪異，或嚴重憂鬱

or what we now recognize as schizophrenia,

had to come from evil spirits getting into the body.

in early times was to, in some way or other,

exorcise those evil spirits, and this is still going on, as you know.

驅邪除魔，至今仍是如此，誠如各位所知

When medicine became somewhat scientific, in about 450 BC,

西元450年左右，醫學發展成為科學

醫學之父希波克拉底和他的學生

that would literally shake the bad spirits out.

找出能有效將邪魔驅除於人體之外的藥方

So, they found certain plants that could cause convulsions.

他們發現某些植物會導致人體抽搐

And the herbals, the botanical books of up to the late Middle Ages,

各種《草藥集》，涵蓋截至中世紀晚期

the Renaissance are filled with prescriptions

for causing convulsions to shake the evil spirits out.

記載許多誘發抽搐，來驅除邪靈的處方

a physician whose name was Theophrastus Bombastus Aureolus von Hohenheim,

一位名為霍因罕(Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim) 的醫生

called Paracelsus, a name probably familiar to some people here --

又名帕拉切爾蘇斯(Paracelsus) ，在座可能有人知道

found that he could predict the degree of convulsion

by using a measured amount of camphor to produce the convulsion.

他利用定量的樟腦，誘發人體抽搐

Can you imagine going to your closet, pulling out a mothball, and

你能想像，打開衣櫃，取出一顆樟腦丸

chewing on it if you're feeling depressed?

It's better than Prozac, but I wouldn't recommend it.

效果比百憂解好，不過我可不建議這麼做

So what we see in the seventeenth, eighteenth century

is the continued search for medications other than camphor that'll do the trick.

with a bolt of electricity off the end of his kite.

當時是透過風箏傳導下來的雷電電流

And so people begin thinking in terms of electricity to produce convulsions.

所以人們開始思考如何用電流引發抽搐

when three Italian psychiatrists, who were largely treating depression,

有三位主治憂鬱症的義大利醫生

began to notice among their patients, who were also epileptics,

觀察同時患有憂鬱症和癲癇症的病人

that if they had an epileptic -- a series of epileptic fits,

a lot of them in a row -- the depression would very frequently lift.

連續發作多次後，憂鬱症會相對減輕

Not only would it lift, but it might never return.

So they got very interested in producing convulsions,

所以他們很熱中研究如何誘發抽搐

And they thought, "Well, we've got electricity, we'll plug somebody into the wall.

他們想：「我們有電源，何不把身體通電試試看？」

That always makes hair stand up and people shake a lot."

「身體觸電會毛髮直豎、渾身顫抖」

So, they tried it on a few pigs, and none of the pigs were killed.

他們用豬做電擊實驗，所有的豬都活了下來

So, they went to the police and they said,

"We know that at the Rome railroad station,

there are all these lost souls wandering around,

muttering gibberish. Can you bring one of them to us?"

「成天瘋言瘋語， 可不可以帶一個來參加我們的實驗？」

Someone who is, as the Italians say, "cagoots."

於是他們找到一個腦袋秀逗的男子

a 39-year-old man who was really hopelessly schizophrenic,

who was known, had been known for months,

So these three psychiatrists, after about two or three weeks of observation,

交給這三名醫生，經過兩三週的觀察

connected his temples to a very small source of current.

They thought, "Well, we'll try 55 volts, two-tenths of a second.

他們想：「先試55伏特、1/5秒，」

That's not going to do anything terrible to him."

Well, I have the following from a firsthand observer,

He said, "This fellow" -- remember, he wasn't even put to sleep --

觀察員說：「這個流浪漢，」(記得嗎？他當時是清醒的)

sat right up, looked at these three fellas and said,

「站起身來，瞪著三位醫生，大罵：

'What the fuck are you assholes trying to do?' "

『你們這些混帳，在我身上亂搞什麼？』

可惜我不會用義大利文講給各位聽

Well, they were happy as could be, because he

醫生們非常開心，因為這個流浪漢

hadn't said a rational word in the weeks of observation.

在觀察期一句合邏輯的話也沒說過

and this time they used 110 volts for half a second.

And to their amazement, after it was over,

he began speaking like he was perfectly well.

He relapsed a little bit, they gave him a series of treatments,

偶爾復發，醫生就給他一連串的治療

當然，因為他患的是精神分裂症

and everybody in the Western world began using electricity

to convulse people who were either schizophrenic or severely depressed.

誘發精神分裂症或重度憂鬱症患者的身體抽搐

It didn't work very well on the schizophrenics,

療效對精神分裂症患者並不理想

but it was pretty clear in the '30s and by the middle of the '40s

that electroconvulsive therapy was very, very effective

And of course, in those days, there were no antidepressant drugs,

convulse them, but the real difficulty was

that there was no way to paralyze muscles.

So people would have a real grand mal seizure.

因此電擊會導致病人真的癲癇大發作

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【TED】許爾文‧努蘭醫師談電擊療法 (Sherwin Nuland: How electroshock therapy changed me)

essentially

mental

depression

therapy