Today topic is that immune cell therapy for liver disease.

今天主題是肝病之免疫細胞療法

Before a professor’s lecture, I will introduce some basic information of liver and liver disease.

在教授的演講之前，我會先介紹有關於肝與肝病的資訊。

Liver is the largest organ of the body. Liver is a reddish brown organ with four lobes of

肝是人體內最大器官。呈暗棕色且有四個不等規則區塊。

unequal size and shape. It is located in the right side of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm.

它位於隔膜下的腹腔的右側。

Liver plays an important role in synthesis of proteins such as albumin, clotting factors and complements.

肝臟扮演很重要角色，集結蛋白質，凝固因子和補充物質。

Liver is involved in detoxification and storage. In addition, it participates in the metabolism

肝臟處理解毒和儲存肝醣。另外，肝臟參與代謝脂肪和碳水化合物的過程。

of lipids and carbohydrates. The liver is the only human organ regenerating lost tissue.

肝是人類器官中唯一可以在缺損後再生的。

25% of a liver can regenerate into a whole liver.

只要25%肝臟組織，就能再生成全部的肝臟器官。

The liver gets dual blood supply from the hepatic arteries and hepatic portal vein.

肝臟有雙重血管供應，來自於肝動脈和肝靜脈口

The liver is composed of hepatocyte, kuppfer cell, sinusoidal endothelial cell, hepatic stellate cell,and so on.

肝臟包括肝細胞，庫佛氏細胞，肝竇內皮細胞，肝星狀細胞等

80% of the liver volume is occupied by hepatocytes.

80%肝臟被肝細胞佔據

Hepatocytes play a vital role of hepatic function. Sinusoidal endothelial cells make sinusoidal

肝細胞扮演重要的肝臟功能。正弦內皮細胞產生正弦

blood vessel which serve as a way for the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery

血管，其用作來自肝動脈的富氧血液的途徑

and the nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein. Kupffer cells are located in the wall of sinusoids.

和來自門靜脈的富營養血液。 庫佛氏細胞位於正弦波的壁上。

They act as macrophages. Hepatic stellate cells are found in the space between

它們作為巨噬細胞。 肝星狀細胞存在於之間的空間

the sinusoids and hepatocytes. In normal liver, the function and role of hepatic stellate

竇狀隙和肝細胞。 在正常肝，肝星狀的功能和作用

cells is unclear. Recent evidence suggests a role as an antigen-presenting cell.

仍不清楚。 最近的證據顯示它能作為抗原，呈遞細胞。

When the liver is damaged, stellate cells can secrets extracellular matrix (collagen).

當肝臟受損時，星狀細胞可分泌細胞外基質（膠原蛋白）。

There are many kinds of liver disease. The most widely spread liver diseases are fatty liver,

有多種肝病。 最廣泛傳播的肝臟疾病是脂肪肝

hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Fatty liver is a condition that fat accumulate in liver cells.

肝炎，肝硬化和肝癌。 肝細胞是脂肪肝是脂肪蓄積的條件

Microscope shows the large vacuoles of fat in liver tissue.

顯微鏡顯示肝組織中脂肪的大液泡。

Hepatitis is an inflammatory disease of the liver. Inflammation is caused by viruses,alcohol, toxin and so on.

肝炎是肝臟的炎性疾病。 炎症是由病毒，酒精和毒素引起

Cirrhosis is chronic liver disease characterized by replacement

肝硬化是以替換為特徵的慢性肝病

of healthy liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue. Liver cancers are malignant tumors

的健康肝組織由纖維，瘢痕組織。 肝癌是惡性腫瘤 瘢痕

that grow on the surface or inside the liver. The most frequent liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma.

生長在肝臟的表面或內部。 最常見的肝癌是肝細胞癌

It accounts for 75% of all liver cancers, Another type of cancer formed by

它佔所有肝癌的75％，由另一種類型的癌症形成

liver cells is hepatoblastoma, which is formed by immature liver cells. It is a rare malignant

肝細胞是肝母細胞瘤，其由未成熟肝細胞形成。 它是一種罕見的惡性腫瘤

tumor that develops in children.

在發育中的兒童

I’ll explain cirrhosis in more details. Cirrhosis is mostly caused by alcoholism,

我將解釋肝硬化疾病相關個案。肝硬化主要是由酒精中毒，

hepatitis virus, autoimmune, drug, and fatty liver which induce liver injury.

肝炎病毒，自身免疫，藥物和引起肝損傷的脂肪肝。

In response to liver injury, extracellular matrix or scar is accumulated. This process is called fibrosis.

肝損傷反應，細胞外基質或瘢痕被積累。 這個過程稱為纖維化。

Accumulation of extracellular matrix is considered as wound healing process.

細胞外基質的積累被認為是傷口癒合過程。

However If liver is damaged by long-term injury, scar tissue by fibrosis replaces healthy tissue.

然而，如果肝臟受到長期損傷，瘢痕組織會通過纖維替代健康組織。

Over time this process results in cirrhosis of the liver. Scar tissue of cirrhosis is

隨著時間的推移，該過程導致肝硬化。 肝硬化的瘢痕組織是

not able to do normal hepatic function. Once cirrhosis has developed, the serious complications

不能做正常肝功能。 一旦肝硬化發展，嚴重的並發症

of liver disease may occur, including liver failure and liver cancer.

的肝病可能發生，包括肝衰竭和肝癌。

What is the cellular mechanism of fibrosis? Liver injury activates hepatic stellate cells

纖維化的細胞機制是什麼？ 肝損傷激活肝星狀細胞

and Kuppfer cells. Stellate cell activation is a key pathogenic feature underlying liver

和Kupffer細胞。 星狀細胞活化是肝臟下的關鍵致病特徵

fibrosis and cirrhosis. Activated hepatic stellate cells produce a huge amount of extracellular

纖維化和肝硬化。 活化的肝星狀細胞產生大量的細胞外

matrix (collagen fibers) and many cytokine mediators (transforming growth factor-beta,

基質（膠原纖維）和許多細胞因子介質（轉化生長因子-β，

interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). Interaction of hepatic stellate

白細胞介素-6和單核細胞趨化蛋白-1）。 肝星狀相互作用和

cells and immune cells in liver is related in the progression of liver fibrosis.

肝臟中的細胞和免疫細胞與肝纖維化的進展相關。

Some immune cells ameliorate liver fibrosis.

一些免疫細胞改善肝纖維化。

What is the treatment for cirrhosis? Currently, cirrhosis can't be cured. 

什麼是肝硬化的治療？ 目前，肝硬化不能治愈。

However, it is possible to manage the symptoms and any complications, and slow its progression.

然而，可以治療症狀和任何並發症，並減緩其進展。

Because cirrhosis is irreversible, treatment aims to stop the disease from getting worse.

因為肝硬化是不可逆轉的，治療的目的是阻止這種疾病的惡化。

The treatment depends on the cause of cirrhosis. If cirrhosis is caused by viral hepatitis,

治療取決於肝硬化的原因。 如果肝硬化是由病毒性肝炎引起的，

patients may be treated with anti-viral drugs. If the patients are heavy drinkers, they are

患者可以用抗病毒藥物治療。 如果病人是重度飲酒者，他們是

advised to stop drinking alcohol. If the patients are overweight, they are advised to lose weight.

建議停止飲酒。 如果患者超重，建議他們減重

If cirrhosis is very severe and the liver stops working, the only treatment option

如果肝硬化非常嚴重，肝臟停止運轉，唯一的治療選擇

is liver transplantation.

是肝移植。

There are many scientific efforts to develop new treatment methods for cirrhosis.

有許多科學努力開發新的肝硬化治療方法。

Professor Jeong Won il (KAIST) and Kim Ja Kyoung (Yonsei University college of medicine ) have developed

教授Jeong Won il（KAIST）和Kim Jae Kyung（延世大學醫學院）

new and novel treatment for liver cirrhosis. They used immune cell therapy.

新的和新的治療肝硬化。 他們使用免疫細胞治療。

Autologous bone marrow cells were transplanted into the patients of cirrhosis.

將自體骨髓細胞移植到肝硬化患者中。

Autologous bone marrow cells increase the production of cytokines which inhibited the hepatic stellate

自體骨髓細胞增加抑制肝星狀細胞的細胞因子的產生

cells from secreting collagens. In this clinical trial, the immune cell therapy was effective

細胞從分泌膠原。 在這個臨床試驗中，免疫細胞療法是有效的

to improve 70% of the cirrhosis patients.

改善70％的肝硬化患者。

Today speaker is Professor Jeong won ill, at KAIST Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering.

今天的演講者是教授Jeong won ill，KAIST醫學科學和工程系的研究生

Prof. Jeong will give us a lecture on immune cell therapy for liver disease.

Jeong教授將向我們講授肝臟免疫細胞治療

Thank you for listening.

感謝您的聆聽