Name: 在 12 分鐘內解釋每個醫學專業 (Every Medical Specialty Explained in 12 Minutes)
Uploaded: 2025-11-05T17:59:38.000Z
Duration: 11 min 39 s

There are dozens of different medical specialties and even more subspecialties you can pursue.

有數十種不同的醫學專科，甚至還有更多次專科可以選擇。

Can we explain them all in less than 12 minutes?

我們能在 12 分鐘內全部講完嗎？

Dr. Jubbal medschoolinsiders.com first up is family medicine.

Dr. Jubbal medschoolinsiders.com 首先是家庭醫學。

Family medicine doctors are the center of primary care.

家庭醫學醫師是初級照護的核心。

They treat the broadest range of ailments and patients, from newborns to seniors and everything in between.

他們治療的病症和病患範圍最廣，從新生兒到長者，以及介於兩者之間的各種狀況。

Family medicine is consistently the least competitive medical specialty to pursue and has one of the lowest salaries at just over 200 $250,000.

家庭醫學是所有醫學專科中競爭最不激烈的一科，薪資也是最低之一，約 20 萬 5 千美元。

Next, internal medicine doctors are the generalists of generalists, treating a massive range of medical conditions, whether common or rare, complex or straightforward, acute or chronic.

接著，內科醫師是全科醫師中的全科醫師，能處理各種醫療狀況，無論是常見或罕見、複雜或單純、急性或慢性。

The biggest difference between internal and family medicine is im.

內科和家庭醫學最大的差別在於內科。

Internal medicine is also loaded with subspecialty and fellowship options, which we'll get to later.

內科也有很多次專科和進修選項，我們之後會再聊到。

Think of this specialty as the equivalent of internal medicine, but for younger patients.

你可以把這個專科想像成內科的對應科別，但對象是年輕病患。

Pediatricians care for babies, children and adolescents from birth up to the age of 25.

小兒科醫師照護從新生兒到 25 歲的嬰兒、兒童和青少年。

Pediatrics is another one of the least competitive specialties, in part due to its lower average compensation at $250,000 a year.

小兒科也是競爭最不激烈的專科之一，部分原因在於年薪平均較低，約 25 萬美元。

OB GYN covers both obstetrics and gynecology.

Obstetrics is the medical and surgical management of pregnancy, whereas gynecology is the medical and surgical management of the female reproductive tract.

產科是懷孕的醫療和手術照護，而婦科則是女性生殖道的醫療和手術照護。

OB GYN doctors see patients through puberty, adult life, pregnancy, menopause and beyond.

婦產科醫師照護病患的整個生命週期，包括青春期、成人期、懷孕、停經及之後的階段。

Surgery is a very broad medical specialty.

外科是一個非常廣泛的醫學專科。

Surgeons use manual techniques and medical instruments to physically reach into a patient's body to investigate or treat an illness or injury.

外科醫師利用徒手技巧和醫療器械，實際進入病患體內，以檢查或治療疾病或傷害。

The core specialty is general surgery, but there's a wide spectrum of surgical subspecialties, which we'll cover shortly.

核心專科是普通外科，但也有廣泛的外科次專科，我們很快就會介紹。

Neurologists specialize in the non surgical management of a variety of central and peripheral nervous system disorders, managing everything from headaches and migraines to devastating and incurable diseases like ALS and Huntington's disease.

神經科醫師專門處理各種中樞神經系統和周邊神經系統疾病的非手術治療，從頭痛、偏頭痛到肌萎縮側索硬化症（ALS）和亨丁頓舞蹈症等毀滅性且無法治癒的疾病，他們都能處理。

Psychiatry focuses on understanding and treating mental health disorders and psychological distress through talk therapy and medication.

精神科著重於透過談話治療和藥物來理解和治療心理健康障礙及心理壓力。

They holistically consider the psychological, socioeconomic and physiologic causes of their patients symptoms, not just the symptoms themselves.

他們會全面考量病患症狀的心理、社會經濟和生理原因，而不僅僅是症狀本身。

That covers the core rotations you'll encounter in medical school.

這涵蓋了你在醫學院會遇到的核心輪替課程。

You can learn more about each of them in the clerkship's guide linked in the description, but

你可以在描述欄連結的實習指南中瞭解更多關於這些課程的資訊，但

You may have heard me mention this next one before.

Plastic surgery focuses primarily on soft tissue such as skin, muscle and fat to reshape or reconstruct a patient's appearance or function.

整形外科主要專注於皮膚、肌肉和脂肪等軟組織，以重塑或重建病患的外觀或功能。

Aesthetic plastic surgery involves procedures like breast augmentation and liposuction.

美容整形外科包括隆乳和抽脂等手術。

Reconstructive plastic surgery involves procedures to correct facial and body abnormalities.

重建整形外科包含矯正臉部和身體異常的手術。

Plastic surgery is consistently one of the most competitive specialties in part because it has one of the highest average annual compensations at over $600,000.

整形外科一直是競爭最激烈的醫學專科之一，部分原因在於其年平均薪資最高，超過 60 萬美元。

Otolaryngology, also known as ENT, is a surgical subspecialty focusing on diseases of the head and neck region.

耳鼻喉科，也稱為 ENT，是以外科手術為主的次專科，專注於頭頸部區域的疾病。

This includes the vocal cords, nose, sinuses, ears, thyroid and parathyroid, as well as head and neck cancer.

這包括聲帶、鼻子、鼻竇、耳朵、甲狀腺和副甲狀腺，以及頭頸癌。

Urologists are surgeons of the urogenital tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate, urethra, testes and more.

泌尿科醫師是泌尿生殖道的外科醫師，這包括腎臟、輸尿管、膀胱、前列腺、尿道、睪丸等。

Urology can also cover sexual function, fertility, urinary continence and gender identity.

泌尿科也能處理性功能、生育能力、尿失禁和性別認同等問題。

Anesthesiologists are the patient's guardian angel during surgery as they care for patients pre op, intraop and post op.

麻醉科醫師是手術期間病患的守護天使，他們會在術前、術中和術後照護病患。

They ensure patients are properly sedated and comfortable throughout the operation, maintaining stable vitals, blood circulation and an open airway.

他們確保病患在整個手術過程中得到適當的鎮靜和舒適，維持穩定的生命徵象、血液循環和暢通的呼吸道。

Diagnostic radiology uses machines to visualize what is occurring inside the body.

診斷放射學利用儀器來視覺化身體內部正在發生的情況。

Radiologists interpret these images and leverage the power of machines to both diagnose and treat disease.

放射科醫師會判讀這些影像，並利用儀器的力量來診斷和治療疾病。

Similar to radiology, pathology is heavily intertwined with other fields of medicine and is considered a support specialty.

類似放射學，病理學也與其他醫學領域緊密相連，被視為一個支援性的專科。

Pathologists primarily examine specimens to give tissue diagnoses and manage all of the clinical labs ordered by other physicians, from microbiology to hematology to chemistry and everything in between.

病理學家主要檢查檢體以提供組織診斷，並管理其他醫師開立的所有臨床實驗室檢驗，從微生物學、血液學到化學學等所有項目。

Emergency medicine physicians treat patients with urgent healthcare needs from acute conditions like heart attacks to exacerbations of chronic health conditions to stabilizing patients involved in trauma.

急診醫學醫師治療有緊急醫療需求的病患，處理急性病症如心臟病發作，或慢性病症的惡化，以及穩定創傷病患。

Critical care physicians, also known as intensivists, treat patients with life threatening injuries and illnesses in the icu.

加護病房醫師，也稱為重症監護醫師，在加護病房治療有危及生命傷害和疾病的病患。

While similar to emergency medicine, critical care focuses on the long term 24 hour care of a dangerously ill patient as opposed to emergency medicine cases that require immediate evaluation and stabilization.

雖然與急診醫學相似，但加護病房專注於危重病患的長期全天候照護，而急診醫學則處理需要立即評估和穩定的病例。

Preventive Medicine doctors applied their expertise in medicine as well as the social, economic and behavioral sciences to show how changes to a patient's lifestyle can can be an effective form of treatment and prevent illnesses before they occur.

預防醫學醫師運用他們在醫學以及社會、經濟和行為科學的專業知識，展示生活方式的改變如何能成為有效的治療方式，並在疾病發生前預防。

Physical medicine and rehabilitation, also known as pmr, is the jack of all trades specialty focusing on the management of non operative orthopedics and neurorehabilitation.

物理醫學與復健，也稱為 PM&R，是個全方位的專科，專注於非手術骨科和神經復健的治療。

Physiatrists are the primary physicians for certain nervous system and non surgical orthopedic disorders offering both medical and procedural treatments.

復健科醫師是某些神經系統和非手術骨科疾病的主要醫師，提供醫療和程序性治療。

Orthopedics, also known as orthopedic surgery, focuses on injuries and diseases of the body's musculoskeletal system which includes a person's bones, joints ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves.

骨科，也稱為骨科手術，專注於身體肌肉骨骼系統的損傷和疾病，包括個人的骨骼、關節韌帶、肌腱、肌肉和神經。

Ophthalmology deals with ocular and orbital diseases, which is anything relating to the eyes and immediate surrounding structures.

眼科處理眼部及眼眶疾病，也就是與眼睛及周圍結構相關的一切。

Dermatologists manage diseases of the skin, hair and nails.

皮膚科醫師負責處理皮膚、毛髮和指甲的疾病。

Using both medical and procedural aspects, a dermatologist can identify and treat more than 3,000 conditions, including eczema, psoriasis and skin cancer.

皮膚科醫師結合醫療和程序性治療，能診斷並治療超過 3,000 種病症，包括濕疹、乾癬和皮膚癌。

Cardiology is the most competitive and highest paying of all of the internal medicine fellowships.

心臟內科是所有內科次專科中競爭最激烈、薪資最高的。

Cardiologists treat diseases of the heart and vascular system, many of which are quite common, like heart failure, hypertension and heart attacks.

心臟內科醫師治療心臟和血管系統的疾病，其中許多相當常見，例如心臟衰竭、高血壓和心臟病發作。

Heart disease is the leading cause of death among Americans.

心臟病是美國人死亡的主要原因。

Gastroenterology involves everything in the gastrointestinal tract, ranging from the mouth to internal organs like the liver and pancreas to the anus.

腸胃科涵蓋了從口腔到肝臟、胰臟等內臟，再到肛門的整個消化道系統。

They deal with a wide variety of diseases, including heartburn, inflammatory bowel disease and hepatitis.

他們處理各種疾病，包括胃灼熱、發炎性腸道疾病和肝炎。

Pulmonary medicine focuses on the respiratory system and diseases of the airway, lungs and chest wall, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer.

肺臟內科專注於呼吸系統，以及氣道、肺部和胸壁的疾病，例如氣喘、慢性阻塞性肺病和肺癌。

Pulmonologists also manage patients who require mechanical ventilation and life support.

肺臟內科醫師也負責照護需要呼吸器和生命支持的病患。

Hematology and oncology are often lumped together because of how closely related they are.

血液學和腫瘤學因為關聯性很高，經常被合併討論。

Hematology focuses on diseases of the blood, like anemias and clotting diseases, as well as cancers of the blood like leukemia.

血液學專門處理血液疾病，像是貧血和凝血疾病，以及血癌等血液癌症。

Oncology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of cancers as well as the acute complications that can arise from cancer and its treatment.

腫瘤學專注於癌症的診斷與治療，以及癌症及其治療可能引起的急性併發症。

Rheumatology specializes in diseases of the joints, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue.

風濕病學專門研究關節、肌肉骨骼系統和結締組織的疾病。

Rheumatologists see a wide variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and and musculoskeletal diseases like osteoporosis.

風濕病科醫師會處理各種疾病，包括類風濕性關節炎等自體免疫疾病，以及骨質疏鬆症等肌肉骨骼疾病。

Endocrinology focuses on diseases of metabolism and the endocrine system, which is made up of the pancreas, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, hormones and more.

內分泌學專注於代謝和內分泌系統的疾病，這個系統包含胰臟、甲狀腺、腎上腺、荷爾蒙等等。

They commonly see diseases like diabetes, hyper and hypothyroidism, and

他們常處理的疾病包括糖尿病、甲狀腺功能亢進與低下，以及

obesity, as well as cancers related to the endocrine system.

肥胖，還有與內分泌系統相關的癌症。

Nephrology focuses solely on the kidneys, which are responsible for many vital and complex functions in the body, such as regulating our electrolytes and fluids.

腎臟學專門研究腎臟，腎臟負責體內許多重要且複雜的功能，例如調節我們的電解質和體液。

Nephrologists see a wide range of clinical diseases, including renal failure, acid base disorders and hypertension.

腎臟科醫師會處理各種臨床疾病，包括腎衰竭、酸鹼失調和高血壓。

The infectious disease specialty focuses on microorganisms that infect humans, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

傳染病專科專門研究感染人類的微生物，包括細菌、病毒、真菌和寄生蟲。

The COVID 19 pandemic drew attention to the importance of infectious disease specialists.

COVID-19 疫情讓我們更關注傳染病專科的重要性。

Allergy and immunology, often referred to as AI, is sometimes lumped together with infectious diseases, an Allergist immunologist cares for patients who have misbehaving immune systems, including people with allergies, respiratory diseases like asthma, immune deficiencies, and

過敏與免疫學，常被簡稱為 AI，有時會和傳染病學一起討論。過敏免疫科醫師會照護免疫系統失調的病人，包括過敏、氣喘等呼吸道疾病、免疫缺陷，以及

Lastly, we'll cover a few more sub specializations and other doctor paths.

最後，我們會介紹幾個次專科和其他的醫師發展方向。

Trauma surgeons primarily deal with patients who have sustained a physical injury, often in an acute setting.

外傷外科醫師主要處理受傷的病人，通常是在急診的狀況下。

The majority of injuries addressed by trauma surgery include those of the neck and chest, abdomen and extremities.

外傷外科處理的傷害大多包括頸部、胸部、腹部和四肢的傷害。

Cardiothoracic surgeons operate within the chest cavity.

心胸外科醫師則在胸腔內進行手術。

This includes surgery on structures such as the heart, aorta, lungs, mediastinum, esophagus, and diaphragm.

這包括心臟、主動脈、肺臟、縱膈腔、食道和橫膈膜等結構的手術。

Vascular surgeons manage veins and arteries in every part of the body except the brain and heart.

血管外科醫師負責處理身體各部位的靜脈和動脈，但腦部和心臟除外。

They treat blocked carotid arteries in the neck as well as problems of the aorta after it leaves the heart and enters the abdomen.

他們會處理頸部阻塞的頸動脈，以及心臟離開後進入腹部的腹主動脈問題。

Gender surgery is the controversial field of medicine concerned with alleviating gender dysphoria through surgical procedures.

性別重置手術是一個備受爭議的醫學領域，旨在透過手術來緩解性別不安。

Any surgical procedure designed to help alleviate gender dysphoria can be considered gender surgery, including masculinization and feminization of the face and chest, tracheal shaves, voice modification, and

任何旨在幫助緩解性別不安的手術都可以被視為性別重置手術，包括臉部和胸部的男性化和女性化、氣管削骨、聲帶手術，以及

even limb lengthening and shortening procedures.

An interventional cardiologist is a cardiologist who has completed additional training in minimally invasive procedures of the heart.

介入性心臟科醫師是額外接受過心臟微創手術訓練的心臟科醫師。

Unlike surgery, these procedures are typically performed in a cardiac cath lab instead of an operating room and involve live X rays, contrast dye, and

與一般手術不同的是，這些手術通常在心導管室而非手術室進行，並涉及即時X光、顯影劑和

Reproductive endocrinology and infertility, or rei, is focused on helping people get pregnant who are unable to do so on their own.

生殖內分泌與不孕症（REI）專注於幫助無法自行懷孕的人們。

REI physicians are experts in all things related to conception and reproduction and are adept at managing any issues that may be preventing patients from becoming pregnant.

REI醫師是所有與懷孕和生育相關事務的專家，並且擅長處理任何可能阻礙患者懷孕的問題。

Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that focuses on newborns.

新生兒科是小兒科的一個次專科，專注於新生兒。

They are the ones called in when an infant is born prematurely or with an illness or abnormality that needs immediate treatment, such as infections, breathing disorders and birth defects.

當嬰兒早產或罹患需要立即治療的疾病或異常時，例如感染、呼吸障礙和先天缺陷，就會請他們出馬。

Sports medicine doctors are non surgical specialists who take care of musculoskeletal injuries for athletes and active patients.

運動醫學醫師是無需手術的專科醫師，負責照護運動員和活躍患者的肌肉骨骼損傷。

They address MSK issues similar to orthopedic surgeons but not requiring surgical intervention.

他們處理的肌肉骨骼問題與骨科醫師類似，但不需要手術介入。

They can provide a full spectrum of care for anyone who wants to be active.

他們能為任何想保持活躍的人提供全方位的照護。

Military physicians must be specialists in their field while being competent and flexible generalists when deployed.

軍醫必須在其專業領域成為專家，同時在部署時具備勝任且靈活的全科醫師能力。

For example, while deployed, a general surgeon may be asked to do cases more typically reserved for a neurosurgeon, otolaryngologist or urologist.

例如，在部署期間，一般外科醫師可能會被要求執行通常保留給神經外科醫師、耳鼻喉科醫師或泌尿科醫師的手術。

Global health doctors help spread medicine and surgery to developing countries and underserved populations.

全球衛生醫師協助將醫療和外科知識傳播到開發中國家和服務不足的地區。

There are 5 billion people in the world who don't have access to safe and affordable surgical care.

全球有五十億人口無法獲得安全且負擔得起的が外科照護。

Global Health aims to decrease this health gap by partnering with local physicians and advocates to empower those populations.

全球衛生旨在透過與當地醫師和倡導者合作，賦予這些地區權力，以縮小這項健康差距。

We've covered nearly all of these specialties in our so youo Want to Be series, which takes a deep dive into each different medical path you can pursue.

在我們的「你想成為什麼樣的人」系列節目中，我們幾乎介紹了所有這些專科，深入探討你可以追求的各種不同醫療領域。