Name: 為什麼如此多的俄羅斯軍事基礎設施坐落在這個狹窄的海灣中 | WSJ 座標 (Why So Much Russian Military Infrastructure Sits in This Narrow Bay | WSJ Coordinates)
Uploaded: 2025-09-19T04:44:17.000Z
Duration: 6 min 48 s

This is the Kola Bay, a small stretch of water at the center of a global race to dominate the Arctic.

這裡是科拉灣，是全球爭奪北極地區的中心。

From here, Russia could mine the Arctic for oil, gas, and minerals, export those resources, and launch a nuclear weapon at anyone who threatens its ambitions.

在這裡，俄羅斯可以開採北極地區的石油、天然氣和礦產，出口這些資源，並向任何威脅其野心的人發射核武器。

This is where Russia is storing part of the world's largest icebreaker fleet, designed to plow its way through melting Arctic ice.

俄羅斯在這裡存放著世界上最大的破冰船隊的一部分，其目的是在融化的北極冰上開闢道路。

About five miles away is the Arctic's largest shipping port, which could one day export the resources Russia wants to mine from the seabed.

大約五英里外就是北極最大的航運港口，有朝一日這裡可以出口俄羅斯希望從海底開採的資源。

And 20 miles north is a naval base storing some of Russia's most powerful nuclear submarines.

往北 20 英里處有一個海軍基地，儲存著俄羅斯最強大的核潛艇。

The Arctic is becoming very fast one of the most interesting places on the planet.

北極正迅速成為地球上最有趣的地方之一。

Because of receding ice, there are more resources that people are eyeing to compete over, and there's a number of countries that are looking at exploiting them.

由於冰川退縮，人們對更多的資源虎視眈眈，許多國家都想開發這些資源。

This is why the Kola Bay sits at the heart of Russia's fight for the Arctic.

這就是為什麼科拉灣是俄羅斯爭奪北極的核心所在。

It's a beautiful area, kind of rolling hills leading into the Kola Bay.

這是一個美麗的地區，連綿起伏的群山通向科拉灣。

But more than that, it's a very closed area.

不僅如此，這裡還是一個非常封閉的區域。

There's a lot of military installations, a lot of places that you can't go.

有很多軍事設施，很多地方你都不能去。

The Arctic is a sort of microcosm of geopolitical tensions.

北極是地緣政治緊張局勢的一個縮影。

It's not as remote as it appears on the map.

它並不像地圖上顯示的那樣偏遠。

The assumption is that the potential for conflict in the Arctic is likely to happen first outside the region and spill over to the region rather than we will see a clash of different countries in the Arctic.

我們的假設是，北極地區潛在的衝突可能首先發生在該地區之外，然後蔓延到該地區，而不是不同國家在北極地區發生衝突。

Russia's Arctic coastline stretches nearly 15,000 miles along the Arctic Ocean.

俄羅斯的北極海岸線沿著北冰洋綿延近 15000 英里。

The Kola Bay sits in the northwest, giving it strategic access to the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans and neighboring NATO countries.

科拉灣位於西北部，是通往北冰洋和北大西洋以及北約鄰國的戰略要地。

We've seen this slow, incremental militarization of the Arctic.

我們已經看到了北極地區緩慢、漸進的軍事化進程。

Russia wants to get to a point where if it feels threatened in its high north, it can react militarily.

俄羅斯希望達到這樣的地步：如果它在北部高原感到受到威脅，它可以做出軍事反應。

Obviously, that creates a whole bunch of new scenarios, both for Moscow and for the NATO neighbors that are right next door.

顯然，這將為莫斯科和毗鄰的北約鄰國帶來一系列新的局面。

The Northern Fleet is Russia's Arctic Navy division, including some of the most powerful weapons in its nuclear triad.

北方艦隊是俄羅斯的北極海軍部門，包括其核三軍中一些最強大的武器。

One of the biggest arms of that nuclear triad sits right in the Kola Bay.

核三巨頭中最大的武器之一就位於科拉灣。

Russia stores some of its nuclear-powered submarines here, which can be used to patrol icy waters and carry nuclear missiles.

俄羅斯在這裡儲存了一些核動力潛艇，可用於在冰冷的水域巡邏並攜帶核導彈。

The Northern Fleet is basically comprised of a lot of strategic submarines that carry nuclear missiles.

北方艦隊基本上由大量攜帶核導彈的戰略潛艇組成。

This is basically their second-strike capacity.

這基本上就是它們的二次打擊能力。

That's essentially Russia's ability to strike back if it was hit first by a land-based nuclear attack.

如果俄羅斯首先遭到陸基核攻擊，這基本上就是俄羅斯的反擊能力。

Because its submarines are powered by nuclear energy, they can carry out missions for months at a time.

由於其潛艇以核能為動力，是以可以連續數月執行任務。

If you're looking at a Russian nuclear-powered sub, it could probably stay out at sea indefinitely.

如果你看到的是俄羅斯的核動力潛艇，它可能會無限期地停留在海上。

And the Arctic ice actually plays a key role in Russia's nuclear deterrence strategy, since its submarines can hide under the ice before attacking.

北極的冰層實際上在俄羅斯的核威懾戰略中發揮著關鍵作用，因為俄羅斯的潛艇可以在攻擊前隱藏在冰層下。

A lot of Russia's military thinking in this area comes down to what is called a bastion concept, so creating a fortress right above the Kola Bay.

俄羅斯在這一地區的許多軍事思想都歸結為所謂的堡壘概念，即在科拉灣的正上方建立一個堡壘。

And it uses air defense, it uses various types of submarines, it uses jet fighters as well.

它使用防空武器，使用各種類型的潛艇，還使用噴氣式戰鬥機。

And so what they're doing is really kind of building up this very integrated system of defenses to make sure that their nuclear-capable submarines really stay protected.

是以，他們所做的就是真正建立起這個非常完整的防禦系統，以確保他們的核潛艇真正受到保護。

Core to that strategy are Russia's ultra-powerful nuclear icebreaker ships, many of which are stored here, giving them easy access to the Arctic Ocean.

這一戰略的核心是俄羅斯超強的核動力破冰船，其中許多就停靠在這裡，使它們能夠方便地進入北冰洋。

What they can do is, with those icebreakers, practically travel almost anywhere they want to.

有了這些破冰船，他們幾乎可以去任何他們想去的地方。

They can be deployed at different times of the year, breaking different grades of ice, thickness of ice and types of ice.

它們可以在一年中的不同時間部署，打破不同等級的冰、不同厚度的冰和不同類型的冰。

For comparison, Russia has around 40 icebreakers at its disposal, while the U.S. has just three.

相比之下，俄羅斯擁有約 40 艘破冰船，而美國只有 3 艘。

Some icebreaker ships are used by researchers to explore the minerals beneath the melting sea ice, and others are fitted out with weaponry like cannons, guns and missiles.

一些破冰船被研究人員用來勘探融化海冰下的礦物質，其他破冰船則配備了大炮、火炮和飛彈等武器裝備。

In the past, Ukraine was very important in providing various parts for Russia's icebreakers.

過去，烏克蘭在為俄羅斯破冰船提供各種零部件方面發揮了非常重要的作用。

Since the war started, that no longer happens.

戰爭開始後，這種情況不再發生。

In fact, one of the plants that was building a motor for a Russian icebreaker came under attack by the Russians, so that kind of ended those plans very quickly.

事實上，有一家為俄羅斯破冰船製造發動機的工廠遭到了俄羅斯人的襲擊，是以這些計劃很快就被終止了。

These icebreakers also need to sail in front of any cargo ships passing through the northern sea route.

這些破冰船還需要航行在通過北部海路的任何貨船之前。

This trade route between Asia and Europe is shorter than going through the Suez Canal, and it's been opening up more in recent years thanks to melting sea ice.

這條連接亞洲和歐洲的貿易航線比通過蘇伊士運河更短，而且近年來由於海冰融化，這條航線的開放程度越來越高。

When we look at the Arctic and the infrastructure there, it's very scarce.

縱觀北極地區，那裡的基礎設施非常匱乏。

One of the Russian major objectives is to develop the northern sea route as this international maritime link between Asia, Europe and Northern America.

俄羅斯的主要目標之一是開發北方航道，將其作為連接亞洲、歐洲和北美洲的國際海上通道。

But this will also have military strategic importance.

Russia's port of Murmansk is the largest commercial port along the route, and it's one of the only deep water ports in the Arctic that doesn't freeze over for parts of the year.

俄羅斯的摩爾曼斯克港是這條航線上最大的商業港口，也是北極地區唯一一個全年部分時間不結冰的深水港口。

You need a deep seawater port to really handle some of these very big loads, especially when we're talking about the kind of resources that Russia wants to export.

你需要一個深水港來真正處理一些非常大的貨物，特別是當我們談論到俄羅斯想要出口的那種資源時。

While the U.S. and E.U. have sanctioned Russian coal, oil and gas, Russia recently opened a new port to serve a different trading partner.

在美國和歐盟制裁俄羅斯的煤炭、石油和天然氣的同時，俄羅斯最近開放了一個新港口，為另一個貿易伙伴服務。

They can take their coal from inside Russia up to the shores of the Kola Bay and then basically send them eastward to China.

他們可以把煤炭從俄羅斯境內運到科拉灣沿岸，然後基本上向東運往中國。

China wants to become more of an Arctic player, so Russia is balancing keeping its trading partner happy while not allowing it too much control.

中國希望在北極地區扮演更重要的角色，是以俄羅斯既要讓其貿易伙伴滿意，又不能讓它有太多的控制權。

There has been this cooperation growing between Russia and China in the Arctic.

俄羅斯和中國在北極地區的合作不斷加強。

Russia was willing to put the Arctic card on the table, for instance, when Xi Jinping was visiting Moscow, and say that they are open to joint management of the northern sea route.

例如，在習近平訪問莫斯科時，俄羅斯就願意把北極這張牌擺在桌面上，並表示他們對共同管理北方航道持開放態度。

So what does this all mean for the rest of the world?

那麼，這一切對世界其他地區意味著什麼呢？

If we're looking at NATO countries, I think we're looking at a bunch of different visions of how it should play out.

如果我們把目光投向北約國家，我認為我們看到的是各種不同的願景。

I think, you know, the United States has expressed grand ambitions to buy Greenland, for example.

我想，你知道，美國已經表達了購買格陵蘭島的宏大野心。

Other NATO countries who have relied on U.S. military support are building up their own military capabilities.

其他依賴美國軍事支持的北約國家也在增強自己的軍事能力。

The Kola Bay, I think, really represents Russia's ability to defend its Arctic interests.

我認為，科拉灣真正代表了俄羅斯捍衛其北極利益的能力。

It has all of the weapons systems and capabilities that it needs to make sure that it can control parts of the Arctic that it considers to be most important for itself.

它擁有所需的所有武器系統和能力，以確保能夠控制它認為對自己最重要的北極地區。

On the trade front, Canada has said it wants to build infrastructure along its own Arctic trade route, the Northwest Passage.

在貿易方面，加拿大表示希望沿著自己的北極貿易路線--西北航道--建設基礎設施。

But it's still years away from becoming a reality.

但是，這離成為現實還有好幾年的時間。

I was talking to the CEO of a very large American arms company the other day, and he was saying that the Arctic is always a place of great potential.

前幾天，我與美國一家大型軍火公司的首席執行官交談時，他說北極永遠是一個具有巨大潛力的地方。

But it really depends on whether or not the U.S. follows through on its plans or allows Russia to continue to take the lead.

但這真正取決於美國是繼續執行其計劃，還是讓俄羅斯繼續發揮主導作用。

As the race for the Arctic heats up, what's happening here in the Kola Bay is setting the pace.

隨著北極地區的競爭日趨白熱化，科拉灣正在發生的一切正在引領著這場競爭。