Name: 解讀基因組學：科技如何揭示我們 DNA 中的資訊 (Genomics explained: How tech revealed the information inside our DNA)
Uploaded: 2025-07-18T18:22:19.000Z
Duration: 5 min 7 s

From humans to animals and even plants, genomics play a key role in understanding and decoding the life stories of all living beings.

從人類到動物甚至植物，基因組學在瞭解和解碼所有生物的生命故事方面發揮著關鍵作用。

他們的故事總是從一個細胞開始。

The human body alone has trillions of cells.

The nucleus of every cell has a chromosome made up of DNA, a molecule that carries an organism's unique genetic information.

每個細胞的細胞核都有一個由 DNA 組成的染色體，DNA 是一種攜帶生物體獨特遺傳信息的分子。

The segments of DNA that tell cells how to function are called genes.

告訴細胞如何運作的 DNA 片段稱為基因。

Scientists believe that humans have between 20 and 25,000 protein-encoding genes.

科學家認為，人類有 20 至 25 000 個編碼蛋白質的基因。

The order of the letters determines the meaning of the information encoded, so the key to finding genes is to work out the precise order of these letters.

字母的順序決定了編碼資訊的含義，是以找到基因的關鍵在於找出這些字母的精確順序。

Over 99% of DNA is the same in all humans, which means it's less than 1% of DNA that determines unique features such as eye colour, height, freckles or blood type.

人類 99% 以上的 DNA 都是相同的，這意味著只有不到 1% 的 DNA 能決定眼睛顏色、身高、雀斑或血型等獨特特徵。

By analysing DNA, we can learn about traits such as food intolerances, certain health risks and even ancestry.

通過分析 DNA，我們可以瞭解食物不耐受、某些健康風險甚至祖先等特徵。

Scientists can also develop better medical treatments and identify patterns across subgroups of people.

科學家還可以開發出更好的醫療方法，並找出不同人群的模式。

An organism's complete set of DNA is called genome and the study of the genome is known as genomics.

生物體的全套 DNA 被稱為基因組，對基因組的研究被稱為基因組學。

New advancements in technology have allowed us to look at the entire genome.

新技術的進步使我們能夠研究整個基因組。

This process is called whole genome sequencing.

這一過程被稱為全基因組測序。

First, a DNA sample is collected, extracted from the cells and suspended in a liquid.

首先，收集 DNA 樣本，從細胞中提取並懸浮在液體中。

The DNA is then broken into fragments and the sample is placed in a sequencer.

然後將 DNA 分解成片段，並將樣本放入測序儀。

The machine reads the order of the letters in each fragment and produces and assembles data for scientists to read.

機器讀取每個片段中字母的順序，並生成和組合數據供科學家閱讀。

In the late 1970s, before sequencers existed, two-time Nobel Prize winner Frederick Sanger developed the first DNA sequencing method by hand.

20 世紀 70 年代末，在測序儀出現之前，兩屆諾貝爾獎得主弗雷德裡克-桑格（Frederick Sanger）開發出了第一種手工 DNA 測序方法。

His method, a version of which is still in use today, was further developed with advanced technology and was used in a revolutionary project.

他的方法（其版本至今仍在使用）在先進技術的推動下得到了進一步發展，並被用於一個革命性的項目中。

1990 年，人類基因組計劃啟動。

The goal was to generate the first complete sequence of the human genome and identify all 50 to 100,000 genes within it. 13 years and almost $3 billion later, the result was a sequence that accounted for over 90% of the human genome.

其目標是產生第一個完整的人類基因組序列，並確定其中所有 50 至 100,000 個基因。13 年過去了，耗資近 30 億美元，最終獲得了占人類基因組 90% 以上的序列。

About 70% of the sequenced samples came from one person of blended ancestry, with the remaining 30% coming from 19 individuals, mostly from European ancestry.

約 70% 的測序樣本來自一個混合血統的人，其餘 30% 的樣本來自 19 個人，其中大部分來自歐洲血統。

It would have taken Fred Sanger 2.5 million years to decipher the human genome by hand.

弗雷德-桑格用手工破譯人類基因組需要 250 萬年。

The Human Genome Project was far from perfect, but it paved the way for the development of new diagnostic methods and sequencing technologies.

人類基因組計劃遠非完美，但它為開發新的診斷方法和測序技術鋪平了道路。

One of those technologies is genome, or gene, editing, which makes changes to an organism's DNA sequence.

其中一項技術是基因組或基因編輯，它可以改變生物體的 DNA 序列。

One of the most recent advancements in genome editing is a technique called CRISPR-Cas9.

基因組編輯的最新進展之一是一種名為 CRISPR-Cas9 的技術。

Its creators, Emmanuel Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, received the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its discovery.

它的創造者埃馬紐埃爾-夏彭蒂耶和詹妮弗-杜德娜因這一發現獲得了 2020 年諾貝爾化學獎。

It identifies a DNA sequence within a gene that is cut by an enzyme called Cas9.

它能識別基因中的 DNA 序列，並由一種名為 Cas9 的酶進行切割。

The sequence is either changed or replaced by a different bit of DNA.

序列要麼被改變，要麼被不同的 DNA 位點取代。

This allows faulty genes to be replaced with healthy ones or changed to make them behave differently.

這樣就可以用健康的基因替換有問題的基因，或改變基因的行為方式。

CRISPR has given scientists a chance to rewrite almost any organism's genetic code, and it's brought in new prospects of tackling genetic diseases faster and better.

CRISPR 使科學家有機會改寫幾乎所有生物的遺傳密碼，為更快更好地應對遺傳疾病帶來了新的前景。

In 2015, doctors used gene editing to cure a baby's leukaemia, and in the future, it could fix gene mutations of cancer or edit genes that cause hereditary diseases.

2015 年，醫生利用基因編輯技術治癒了一名嬰兒的白血病，未來，它還能修復癌症基因突變或編輯導致遺傳性疾病的基因。

But despite the benefits of gene editing technologies like CRISPR, some worry they may be used to edit traits that are not diseases at all.

不過，儘管 CRISPR 等基因編輯技術好處多多，但有人擔心它們可能會被用來編輯根本不是疾病的性狀。

In 2018, a Chinese scientist genetically modified embryos to make them immune to HIV and was later jailed for it.

2018 年，一名中國科學家對胚胎進行基因改造，使其對艾滋病毒免疫，後來是以入獄。

And in the past three years, Texas-based Colossal Biosciences has been working to reprogram an Asian elephant's cells for it to survive in the Arctic tundra.

而在過去三年裡，總部位於得克薩斯州的巨像生物科學公司一直在努力為亞洲象的細胞重新編程，使其能夠在北極苔原上生存。

In agriculture, gene editing has also been introduced to edit crops and help combat climate change.

在農業領域，也引入了基因編輯技術來編輯作物，幫助應對氣候變化。

Many claim these practices expose people to risks and lack consent from communities.

許多人聲稱，這些做法使人們面臨風險，而且沒有得到社區的同意。

However, gene sequencing and editing therapies in humans have, so far, opened doors for personalized medicine and treatments.

然而，迄今為止，人類基因測序和編輯療法為個性化醫學和治療打開了大門。

As many companies work toward developing them, the genomics market is gearing up for growth.

隨著許多公司努力開發這些產品，基因組學市場正在加速增長。

One prediction says it will grow from $33 billion in 2023 to $157 billion in 2033.

有預測稱，這一數字將從 2023 年的 330 億美元增長到 2033 年的 1,570 億美元。

That is a compound annual growth rate of 16.6%.

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解讀基因組學：科技如何揭示我們 DNA 中的資訊 (Genomics explained: How tech revealed the information inside our DNA)

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