Our next question is from Kai Bevan at Trinity Hall.

下一個問題來自三一大廳的凱-貝文（Kai Bevan）。

My question to you, I mean, I'm a medical student, and I'm going to throw out the big A word.

我的問題是，我是醫科學生，我想說的是 "A"。

I know you get asked about it a lot, but I want to hear from you what your opinion is on abortion.

我知道你經常被問到這個問題，但我想聽聽你對墮胎的看法。

But about abortion specifically, why do you think abortion is wrong specifically?

但具體到墮胎，你為什麼認為墮胎是錯誤的？

Okay, so this is where we get to the question, right?

好了，這就是我們要討論的問題，對嗎？

Because what is it about murder you say is wrong?

Well, because it's a human being, not just because it has consciousness or because it's of a certain age, because it's a human.

嗯，因為它是一個人，不只是因為它有意識，或者因為它到了一定年齡，因為它是一個人。

What is it that gives human being this moral worth?

是什麼賦予了人類這種道德價值？

I can imagine it's because it is a human being because that is a soul.

我可以想象這是因為它是一個人，因為那是一個靈魂。

I mean, again, the Greeks postulated that it is the entirety of your being.

我的意思是，希臘人再次假設，它是你存在的全部。

I mean, every civilization has had a different belief, but agreed upon ethical monotheism, which is the creed of the West and what the birth certificate of my country articulates, that every human being is more than just matter.

我的意思是，每種文明都有不同的信仰，但都認同倫理一神論，這是西方的信條，也是我國的出生證明所闡明的，即每個人都不僅僅是物質。

It's more than just a clump of cells, but it also has an invisible element to you that will live beyond you.

它不僅僅是一團細胞，它還有一種無形的元素，它將超越你而存在。

So, I mean, can you say that comes from the Bible or where else do you get that?

所以，我的意思是，你能說《聖經》裡有這句話嗎？

Ethical monotheism, which is the creed of the West.

倫理一神論，這是西方的信條。

And again, the Declaration of Independence mentions God four times.

同樣，《獨立宣言》四次提到上帝。

The founders were explicitly believed, not in a secular morality, but a divinely given one, of at least this idea that there is a God and you are not him.

建國者們明確相信的不是世俗的道德，而是神賦予的道德，至少相信有一個上帝，而你不是他。

And let me ask you, what is the first stage of human development?

讓我問你，人類發展的第一階段是什麼？

So the first, I mean, this is the thing, right?

首先，我是說，這就是問題所在，對嗎？

We can take it from the sperm being generated in the father and the oocyte being generated in the mother, right?

我們可以從父親產生的精子和母親產生的卵細胞中提取，對嗎？

它們在出生、受孕時融合，對不起。

The only thing that happens at conception is these two cells fuse.

受孕時發生的唯一事情就是這兩個細胞的融合。

The DNA coding at the zygote, hold on, time out.

子代的 DNA 編碼，等等，暫停。

Meaning, can you differentiate the DNA coding between the mother and the zygote if you examine it under a deoxyribonucleic acid analysis, can you?

也就是說，如果用脫氧核糖核酸分析法檢查母體和胎兒的 DNA 編碼，你能區分它們嗎？

Only purely because the addition comes from the father.

查理，查理，DNA不是被創造出來的。

You have, the father has his own genome, the mother has her own genome.

父親有自己的基因組，母親有自己的基因組。

This is why you have the same characteristics, similar ones to your mother, similar ones to your father.

這就是為什麼你們有相同的特徵，與母親相似，與父親相似。

That's why you have similar characteristics to your siblings.

這就是為什麼你和你的兄弟姐妹有相似的特徵。

So when you ask me, where does a human being come from?

所以，當你問我，人從哪裡來？

I can say to you it starts at conception, but all conception is these two cells joining,  But these two cells were created, the mother's cells were created long before, they were created when she was a fetus.

我可以對你說它始於受孕，但所有的受孕都是這兩個細胞的結合，但這兩個細胞是被創造出來的，母親的細胞早在她還是胎兒時就被創造出來了。

So there's none of this DNA being produced, right?

所以這些DNA都沒有產生，對嗎？

So we can't, we can't, the only thing that happens at conception is these two cells fuse.

所以我們不能，我們不能，受孕時發生的唯一事情就是這兩個細胞的融合。

Now this idea that that means that for some reason suddenly that moral worth comes in, but it wasn't there before when you had these two cells who had half the DNA, but suddenly there's a sort of a switch.  Yes, something magical happens at that point.

現在這個想法意味著，由於某種原因，道德價值突然出現了，但它之前並不存在，當你有這兩個擁有一半DNA的細胞時，但突然出現了一種開關。  是的，神奇的事情就在那一刻發生了

I promise you, I'm not trying to score points.

我向你保證，我不是為了得分。

We call it the miracle of life for a reason.

我們稱之為生命奇蹟是有原因的。

We've not been able to yet replicate human life development outside of the womb.

我們還無法複製子宮外的人類生命發展。

We call it the miracle of life because yes, it's something beautiful.

我們稱之為生命的奇蹟，因為是的，它是美麗的。

It's an incredible thing that happens, of course, but it's not incredible in the sense we don't know what's going on.

當然，這是一件不可思議的事情，但它並不不可思議，因為我們不知道發生了什麼。

There's no new DNA being coming out of nowhere.

沒有什麼新的 DNA 會憑空出現。

Isn't there a separate DNA, though, than the mother?

難道沒有比母親更獨立的 DNA 嗎？

Yes, but it's not the father's DNA either.

那麼，你的人生是從什麼時候開始的？

I mean, again, this comes from what you define as where life starts.

我的意思是，這還是源於你對生命起點的定義。

You can say life starts at conception, but I'm telling you, I believe that's just an arbitrary point, right?

你可以說生命始於受孕，但我告訴你，我相信這只是一個武斷的觀點，對嗎？

That's just the moment these two cells fuse.

這正是這兩個細胞融合的瞬間。

So the way DNA is arranged in a cell is it's arranged in chromosomes.

是以，DNA在細胞中的排列方式是被排列在染色體中。

Chromosomes are paired up, so you have one from the mother, one from the father, typically, in a healthy individual, right?

染色體是配對的，所以在一個健康的個體中，通常一個來自母親，一個來自父親，對嗎？

Now, you can take those maternal chromosomes out, and you can find that this is who the person's mother is, and you can do the same with the father.

現在，你可以把這些母體染色體取出來，就能發現這個人的母親是誰，你也可以把父親的染色體取出來。

Now, the reason you are different to your mother and father is because some of those chromosomes express genes that are different from each other, and so those genes interact, and that's what gives rise to you, right?

現在，你之所以與你的父親和母親不同，是因為其中一些染色體表達的基因彼此不同，是以這些基因相互作用，這就是產生你的原因，對嗎？

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individual

incredible

process

scenario