Name: 工業化和帝國主義 | 世界歷史 | 可汗學院 (Industrialization and imperialism | World History | Khan Academy)
Uploaded: 2025-04-08T15:27:22.000Z
Duration: 10 min 24 s

情態副詞

This is a map of European colonial possessions in the early to mid 1700s, and you immediately see a few things.

這是一張 17 世紀早期到中期歐洲殖民地的地圖，你一眼就能看出一些東西。

Spain has a lot of territory in Central and South America.

西班牙在中美洲和南美洲擁有大量領土。

程度副詞

Even the small country of Portugal, because of its prowess during the Age of Exploration, a significant amount of territory in what would become Brazil, but they also have possessions and colonies along the coast of Africa, and even things in India, like Goa.

即使是葡萄牙這個小國，由於其在探險時代的卓越表現，也在後來的巴西擁有大量領土，但他們在非洲沿岸也擁有領地和殖民地，甚至在印度也有領地和殖民地，比如果阿。

You have the British having possessions in North America, things that would eventually evolve into the United States and Canada.

英國人在北美擁有領地，這些領地最終演變成美國和加拿大。

At this point in time, France also has significant possessions, which will later be taken by Britain, and then an independent US, as it grows across continental North America.

此時，法國也擁有重要的屬地，這些屬地隨後將被英國和獨立後的美國佔領，因為美國已在北美大陸發展壯大。

But the thing to notice in this map is despite these significant possessions, much of the world is not controlled by the Europeans.

但在這幅地圖上值得注意的是，儘管歐洲人擁有這些重要的財產，但世界上大部分地區並不在歐洲人的控制之下。

Yes, England also is starting to have a bit of a colonial possession, although at this point it's a corporate possession, in Eastern India, in Bengal, but much of Africa and Asia is not under European control.

是的，英國也開始在東印度、孟加拉擁有一些殖民地，雖然目前只是公司擁有，但非洲和亞洲的大部分地區並不在歐洲的控制之下。

But then as we enter into the second half of the 18th century, and especially the 19th century, something important happens in the scope of human history, and that's the Industrial Revolution, or maybe you could say the Industrial Revolutions.

但是，當我們進入 18 世紀下半葉，尤其是 19 世紀時，人類歷史上發生了一件大事，那就是工業革命，或者可以說是工業革命。

Now, there's many technologies that are central to the Industrial Revolution, but probably most important is the steam engine, although you could contend maybe it's the steam engine, maybe it's electrification, maybe it is the telegraph, but the steam engine all of a sudden allows us to harness the power of really coal to create steam to turn engines.

工業革命的核心技術有很多，但最重要的可能是蒸汽機，雖然你可以說是蒸汽機，也可以說是電氣化，也可以說是電報，但蒸汽機讓我們突然可以利用煤炭的力量產生蒸汽來轉動發動機。

And then these engines could be used to power factories so that you could amplify what human labor could do before.

然後，這些發動機可以用來為工廠提供動力，這樣就可以放大人類勞動所能完成的工作。

This factory right over here, it looks like they're creating fabric from some kind of thread, or they might be sewing of some kind.

這家工廠就在這裡，看起來他們正在用某種線製造布料，也可能是在進行某種縫紉。

And a human equipped with a power loom or with a sewing machine could produce much, much more than they could have ever produced before by hand.

而配備了動力織布機或縫紉機的人類所能生產的東西，要比以前手工生產的多得多。

The steam engine and things like electricity also create a revolution in transportation, the transportation of goods and people, but also the movement of information.

蒸汽機和電力等也帶來了一場運輸革命，不僅是貨物和人員的運輸，還有資訊的流動。

This right over here is a picture of a steamship which you could use for trade, but you could also use it to project military power.

這裡有一張蒸汽船的圖片，你可以用它來進行貿易，也可以用它來投射軍事力量。

Similarly, transport goods and people, but it also allows you to keep control over a larger swath of territory.

同樣，運輸貨物和人員，也能讓你控制更大的一片領土。

And then a telegraph, all of a sudden, for the first time in history, you can communicate across the globe in a mere instant.

然後有了電報，突然間，歷史上第一次可以在一瞬間進行全球通信。

And what used to take months to figure out what was going on could now happen in seconds.

過去需要幾個月才能搞清楚的事情，現在幾秒鐘就能搞定。

So once again, this is valuable for trade, but it's also valuable for coordinating military power.

是以，這對貿易是有價值的，但對協調軍事力量也是有價值的。

So in large part to these revolutions that we're seeing, and we will study more in other videos, the map of the world looks very different roughly 150 years later.

是以，在很大程度上，由於我們看到的這些革命（我們將在其他視頻中進行更多研究），大約 150 年後的世界地圖看起來非常不同。

This is what the world looks like around the year 1900.

這就是 1900 年前後的世界景象。

And you immediately notice some differences from that previous map.

你會立刻注意到與之前那張地圖的一些不同之處。

Most of those colonial possessions in North and South America are now independent, but you notice something dramatic happening in Africa and in much of Asia.

南北美洲的大部分殖民地現在都已獨立，但你會發現非洲和亞洲大部分地區發生了一些戲劇性的變化。

Africa has now been carved up by the colonial powers.

現在，非洲已被殖民國家瓜分殆盡。

In this salmon color, you see where the British have control in much of South Africa and then around Egypt and Sudan and parts of East Africa.

在這種鮭魚色中，您可以看到英國人控制的南非大部分地區，以及埃及、蘇丹和東非部分地區。

You see the French have control of Algeria and much of Eastern Africa.

法國人控制了阿爾及利亞和東非大部分地區。

What started off for the British as a corporate possession in Eastern India has now grown to become a possession of the crown.

對英國人來說，東印度最初只是一個企業的領地，如今已發展成為王室的領地。

You have India, part of the British Empire.

Even Japan, which is one of the first Asian countries to industrialize, is in on imperialism.

就連最早實現工業化的亞洲國家之一日本也加入了帝國主義的行列。

那麼，為什麼是這種帝國主義呢？

There's always the standard motivations for imperialism that we've seen throughout world history.

縱觀世界歷史，帝國主義總有其標準動機。

If you have conquest, that leads to more land plus people under your rule.

如果有徵服，就會有更多的土地和人民在你的統治之下。

And if you have more land, which is for the most part used for agriculture, well, you're going to have more taxes and wealth.

如果你有更多的土地，而這些土地大部分用於農業，那麼你就會有更多的稅收和財富。

And if you have more people, they will have output, so you can tax that.

如果你有更多的人，他們就會有產出，是以你可以對其徵稅。

But they can also be used, they could be taxed, so to speak, for war.

但它們也可以被用於戰爭，可以說是被徵稅。

And so the more revenue and soldiers you have, well, that can help you just accrue more and more power.

是以，收入越多、阿兵哥越多，就能幫助你積累越來越多的力量。

And so this is the classic loop that you see why most empires tried to expand.

這就是大多數帝國試圖擴張的經典循環。

And sometimes when they stopped expanding, you see that they started to decline.

有時，當它們停止擴張時，你會看到它們開始衰落。

But now in this video, from the early 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, we have new things at play.

但現在，在這段視頻中，從 18 世紀初到 20 世紀初，我們看到了新的東西。

We have the technological innovation from the Industrial Revolution, things like electricity and steam power.

我們擁有工業革命帶來的技術創新，如電力和蒸汽動力。

You see the notion of capitalism come into its prime, this focus on where do you maximize your returns for a given amount of capital that you have.

你會看到資本主義的概念進入了它的鼎盛時期，它關注的是在你擁有一定數量資本的情況下，如何使你的回報最大化。

And land is a form of capital, but as we will see or as we saw in some of those pictures, as technology becomes more and more valuable, things other than land become very important forms of capital, like factories, like railroads, like ships.

土地是資本的一種形式，但正如我們將會看到的，或者正如我們在其中一些圖片中所看到的，隨著技術變得越來越有價值，土地以外的東西也成為非常重要的資本形式，比如工廠、鐵路、輪船。

And related to these two ideas, you have industrialization, which is the use of technology to become more productive, to increase output.

與這兩個理念相關的是工業化，即利用技術提高生產力，增加產出。

A capitalist says, how do I get a better return on my capital?

資本家說，我的資本如何才能獲得更好的回報？

I should make my factories more efficient.

Well, to make my factories more efficient, I have to also invest in technology to get that industrialization.

那麼，為了提高工廠的效率，我還必須投資於技術，以實現工業化。

The more I industrialize, the better my profits, and so the more I am going to be able to invest in this cycle as I'm trying to industrialize.

我的工業化程度越高，我的利潤就越好，是以，在我努力實現工業化的過程中，我在這個循環中的投資就越多。

I have all sorts of problems that I'm trying to solve, so it's going to drive the need to improve my technology.

我有各種各樣的問題需要解決，是以這將推動我改進技術。

And those who develop the technology, well, they're going to have more capital to invest.

而那些開發技術的人，他們將有更多的資金投入。

So once again, it's creating this cycle which is going to feed the fuel of imperialism.

是以，它再一次造成了這種循環，為帝國主義火上澆油。

In the Industrial Revolution, the owners of a capital started to have more and more power.

在工業革命中，資本所有者開始擁有越來越大的權力。

If you think about a factory, so that's my factory right over there, it takes raw materials, raw materials.

如果你想想一個工廠，我的工廠就在那邊，它需要原材料、原材料。

If you think about it, it's a clothing factory.

仔細想想，這就是一家服裝廠。

It might take raw cotton or turn it into thread, or it might take that cotton thread and then turn it into some type of fabric, and then you have finished goods.

它可以把原棉加工成棉線，也可以把棉線加工成某種織物，然後生產出成品。

So even before the Industrial Revolution, people would take raw materials, do something to it, and then you would have finished goods.

是以，即使在工業革命之前，人們也會使用原材料，對其進行加工，然後就會有成品。

But now this center portion is being supercharged by technology, by industrialization.

但現在，這個中心部分正在被科技和工業化所推動。

It is really becoming the central focus, and it's becoming more productive.

它真正成為了中心焦點，而且越來越富有成效。

So as it becomes more productive, there's a hunger for more raw materials.

是以，隨著生產力的提高，對更多原材料的需求也在增加。

Where do you get those raw materials from?

Well, if you're a small country like the United Kingdom or Japan, your raw materials are limited.

如果你是英國或日本這樣的小國，你的原材料是有限的。

But there's the rest of the world, and especially the rest of the world that is not at the same level of technological sophistication yet, so you can perhaps use your military in order to force them to trade with you.

但世界上還有其他國家，尤其是那些技術水平還不高的國家，所以你或許可以利用你的軍事力量迫使他們與你進行貿易。

Similarly, what do you do with all of those finished goods?

You have limited markets on your islands, but what if you could sell to the hundreds of millions of people who aren't directly in your country?

你在自己的島嶼上擁有有限的市場，但如果你能把產品賣給不直接在你的國家的數億人呢？

This desire for more raw materials and cheaper raw materials, and this desire to sell your goods, the outputs of industrialization, this, to a significant degree, drove this imperialism, this colonization, and in general, a motivation for freer trade in general.

對更多原材料和更廉價原材料的渴望，對出售商品的渴望，工業化的產出，這在很大程度上推動了帝國主義和殖民化，並在總體上推動了更自由的貿易。

When the free trade didn't happen freely, sometimes it was forced on the country that was being traded with.

當自由貿易不能自由進行時，有時就會強迫與之進行貿易的國家進行自由貿易。

And as alluded to already, the technology which helped fuel this industrial revolution also made it easier to control a far-flung empire.

正如前面提到的，推動這場工業革命的技術也使得控制一個遙遠的帝國變得更加容易。

Before the industrial revolution, a country like the United Kingdom being able to control this far-flung empire, this would have been impossible for the Romans or the Persians to do using their technology.

在工業革命之前，像英國這樣的國家能夠控制這個幅員遼闊的帝國，羅馬人或波斯人利用他們的技術是不可能做到的。

But now you have the steamship, you have railroads, you have the telegraph, which are parts of this industrial revolution, but they also allow you to project power and project power much quicker and much more efficiently than ever possible.

但現在有了輪船、鐵路和電報，這些都是工業革命的組成部分，但它們也讓你能夠比以往任何時候都更快、更有效地投射力量。

So once again, technology, industrialization, and capitalism, these were the fuel of the industrial revolution.

是以，技術、工業化和資本主義再次成為工業革命的助推器。

They provided the motivation for colonization, for imperialism, and freer trade in general.

它們為殖民化、帝國主義和更自由的貿易提供了動力。

But then that was able to be enforced because of that same technology.

但是，由於採用了同樣的技術，這才得以實施。

You could project your power through those steamships, railroads, and the telegraph.

你可以通過蒸汽輪船、鐵路和電報投射你的力量。