All you have to do is read what you see. Right?

你們只要把你看到的東西唸出來就好了

So, I'm going to count to you, so we don't all do it together.

我會倒數 大家在一起唸出來就可以了

Okay, one, two, three. Audience: Can you read this?

好 一 二 三 觀眾: Can you read this?

BL: Amazing. What about this one? One, two, three. Audience: You are not reading this.

非常好。 那這一句呢? 一 二 三 觀眾: You are not reading this.

BL: All right. One, two, three. (Laughter)

接下來 一 二 三 (笑聲)

If you were Portuguese, right? How about this one? One, two, three.

如果你是個葡萄牙人 對吧? 那這句呢? 一 二 三

Audience: What are you reading?

觀眾: What are you reading?

BL: What are you reading? There are no words there.

BL: 你們說What are you reading? 可是句子不是這樣寫的阿

I said, read what you're seeing. Right?

我說的是 把你們所看到的唸出來 對吧?

It literally says, "Wat ar ou rea in?" (Laughter) Right?

如果照字面上來說應該是要念說"Wat ar ou rea in?" 吧 (笑聲) 對吧?

That's what you should have said. Right? Why is this?

這才是你們剛剛應該說的吧? 對吧? 你們為什麼都會這樣讀呢?

It's because perception is grounded in our experience.

那是因為我們的感官是建立在我們的經驗之上的

Right? The brain takes meaningless information

對吧? 我們的大腦會把沒有意義的資訊

and makes meaning out of it, which means we never see

自動轉換成有意義的東西 也就是說 我們從來不去看

what's there, we never see information,

我們從不看新資訊

we only ever see what was useful to see in the past.

而是把過去的經驗套用在現在發生的事上

All right? Which means, when it comes to perception,

也就是說 當我們講到感官這件事

we're all like this frog.

我們就像是這隻青蛙一樣

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Right? It's getting information. It's generating behavior

對吧? 它在讀取訊息 然後應用在它的行為上

that's useful. (Laughter)

這就管用了吧 (笑聲)

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Video) Man: Ow! Ow! (Laughter) (Applause)

(影片) 男: 喔!喔! (笑聲) (掌聲)

BL: And sometimes, when things don't go our way,

BL: 有的時候 當事情不順心的時候

we get a little bit annoyed, right?

感覺有點燜 對吧?

But we're talking about perception here, right?

我們現在是在討論感官問題

And perception underpins everything we think, we know,

感官決定了一切我們所想的事 知道的事

we believe, our hopes, our dreams, the clothes we wear,

相信的事 希望 夢想 我們所穿的衣服

falling in love, everything begins with perception.

談戀愛 每一件事都是從感官開始的

Now if perception is grounded in our history, it means

如果感官是從以前的事開始建立的 那就表示

we're only ever responding according to what we've done before.

我們只是在對我們之前所做過的事做出反應

But actually, it's a tremendous problem,

但是事實上 這是一個非常大的問題

because how can we ever see differently?

因為 我們沒辦法用不同角度去看事情了

Now, I want to tell you a story about seeing differently,

現在 我要跟你們分享一個能轉換角度看事情的故事

and all new perceptions begin in the same way.

所有的新感官都是用同樣的方式開始

They begin with a question.

他們都是從一個問句開始的

The problem with questions is they create uncertainty.

而問句產生不確定感

Now, uncertainty is a very bad thing. It's evolutionarily

不確定感是個壞東西

a bad thing. If you're not sure that's a predator, it's too late.

一個會改變的壞東西 就像是 你不確定那是隻肉食動物 已經為時已晚了

Okay? (Laughter)

對吧? (笑聲)

Even seasickness is a consequence of uncertainty.

就連身體上的不舒服 也是由一連串的不確定所組成的

Right? If you go down below on a boat, your inner ears

對吧? 如果你上了一艘船 你的內耳所感覺到的

are you telling you you're moving. Your eyes, because

告訴你你的人正在移動 然後你的眼睛所看到的

it's moving in register with the boat, say I'm standing still.

是你站在船上所以沒有移動

Your brain cannot deal with the uncertainty of that information, and it gets ill.

當你的大腦無法處理這些不確定感的時候 暈船的情況就發生了

The question "why?" is one of the most dangerous things you can do,

"為什麼" 這個問句 是你所能做到最危險的一件事

because it takes you into uncertainty.

因為它讓你對事情有不確定感

And yet, the irony is, the only way we can ever

但是 諷刺的是 踏出我們的舒服圈

do anything new is to step into that space.

就是創新的唯一方法就是

So how can we ever do anything new? Well fortunately,

所以我們到底要怎麼創新? 還好 很幸運的

evolution has given us an answer, right?

演化的過程已經給了我們答案 對吧?

And it enables us to address even the most difficult

演化讓我們能夠克服即使是最困難的問題

of questions. The best questions are the ones that create the most uncertainty.

所以通常最好的問題能夠產生最多的不確定感

They're the ones that question the things we think to be true already. Right?

讓我們懷疑我們長久以來所相信的真相 對吧?

It's easy to ask questions about how did life begin,

問出像是 "生命是如何開始的?" 這種問句很簡單

or what extends beyond the universe, but to question what you think to be true already

或者是 "宇宙的外面到底有什麼?" 但是真正去懷疑你所相信的事

is really stepping into that space.

才會真正的踏入那片不確定感

So what is evolution's answer to the problem of uncertainty?

那麼 進化給不確定感的答案是什麼呢?

It's play.

那就是 玩樂

Now play is not simply a process. Experts in play will tell you

玩樂可不是一個簡單的過程 玩樂的專家可以告訴你為什麼

that actually it's a way of being.

因為這其實是一種存在的方式

Play is one of the only human endeavors where uncertainty

玩樂是一種讚頌不確定感的人類活動

is actually celebrated. Uncertainty is what makes play fun.

而不確定感能使玩樂變得有趣

Right? It's adaptable to change. Right? It opens possibility,

對吧? 它隨著適應而改變 對吧? 它開啟了各種的可能性

and it's cooperative. It's actually how we do our social bonding,

它是合作的 事實上 我們的社會也是這樣連結的

and it's intrinsically motivated. What that means

同時它是種本質上的動機

is that we play to play. Play is its own reward.

我們為了玩而玩 而"玩樂" 這件事本身就是個獎賞

Now if you look at these five ways of being,

現在大家看看五個存在的方式

these are the exact same ways of being you need

你會發現到要成為一個成功的科學家

in order to be a good scientist.

所需要的特質都是一樣的

Science is not defined by the method section of a paper.

科學並不是用一紙就能定義的

It's actually a way of being, which is here, and this is true

而是一種存在的方式 而它就在這裡

for anything that is creative.

也在所有有趣的東西身上

So if you add rules to play, you have a game.

當你在玩樂當中加上幾條規則 它就變成了遊戲

That's actually what an experiment is.

而實驗就是這樣而來的

So armed with these two ideas,

所以把兩個點子串起來

that science is a way of being and experiments are play,

科學是一種存在方式 而實驗是一種玩樂

we asked, can anyone become a scientist?

所以我想問 每一個人都能成科學家嗎?

And who better to ask than 25 eight- to 10-year-old children?

這個問題拿去問25個10歲小朋友再好不過了吧

Because they're experts in play. So I took my bee arena

因為他們可是玩樂的專家 所以我帶著我蜜蜂的道具

down to a small school in Devon, and the aim of this

到了英國德文郡的一間小學校 而這件事的目的

was to not just get the kids to see science differently,

不只是讓孩子們能夠用不同的角度看待科學

but, through the process of science, to see themselves differently. Right?

透過這個過程 更能使他們可以用不同的角度看自己 對吧?

The first step was to ask a question.

第一步 就是提出一個問句

Now, I should say that we didn't get funding for this study

好 先說 我們的的研究計畫並沒有得到任何的贊助

because the scientists said small children couldn't make

因為 科學家說 小朋友不可能做出什麽有用的科學貢獻

a useful contribution to science, and the teachers said kids couldn't do it.

連老師都不相信小朋友可以

So we did it anyway. Right? Of course.

但是我們還是做了 對吧? 肯定的

So, here are some of the questions. I put them in small print

這裡有一些他們提出的問題 我把字體縮小了

so you wouldn't bother reading it. Point is that five of the questions that the kids came up with

所以你們不用費神去讀 重點是 這些他們提出的問題中

were actually the basis of science publication the last five to 15 years. Right?

有五個問題是基於過去5到15年來科學家所發表的基礎

So they were asking questions that were significant

所以他們提出的問題

to expert scientists.

對真正的科學家很重要

Now here, I want to share the stage with someone quite special. Right?

好現在 我要把舞台分享給一個特別的人 好嗎?

She was one of the young people who was involved in this study,

她是其中一個是參與這項計畫的年輕人

and she's now one of the youngest published scientists

她同時也是世界是其中一個發表過研究刊物的年輕科學家

in the world. Right? She will now, once she comes onto stage,

當她站上這個舞台之後

will be the youngest person to ever speak at TED. Right?

她就會成為史上最年輕在TED演講的人的

Now, science and asking questions is about courage.

好 科學和提出問題是需要勇氣的

Now she is the personification of courage, because she's

現在 她即將成為勇氣的化身

going to stand up here and talk to you all.

因為她準備站上這個舞台並且跟大家分享

So Amy, would you please come up? (Applause)

艾咪 可以請你上台了嗎? (掌聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

So Amy's going to help me tell the story of what we call

艾咪 要幫我跟大家分享一個關於 "Blackawton蜜蜂計畫" 的故事

the Blackawton Bees Project, and first she's going to tell you

首先 她要先分享 她們提出的問題

the question that they came up with. So go ahead, Amy.

開始吧 艾咪

Amy O'Toole: Thank you, Beau. We thought

艾咪: 謝謝 Beau 我們當初懷疑

that it was easy to see the link between humans and apes

我們能夠很簡單的看出人類跟人猿的關聯嗎?

in the way that we think, because we look alike.

因為我們想 人類跟猿的長相是有點相近的吧

But we wondered if there's a possible link

所以我們又想 人類跟其他的動物是不是也有可能有些關聯

with other animals. It'd be amazing if humans and bees

如果蜜蜂跟人類能夠有一樣的想法那會是多麼奇妙的一件事啊

thought similar, since they seem so different from us.

因為兩者之間的長相實在是差別太大了

So we asked if humans and bees might solve

我們進階猜想 人類跟蜜蜂是不是有可能用一樣的方式

complex problems in the same way.

去解決一個複雜的問題

Really, we wanted to know if bees can also adapt

真的 我們想知道蜜蜂是否能夠用他們先前的經驗

themselves to new situations using previously learned rules

去適應它們所遇到的新事情和新情況

and conditions. So what if bees can think like us?

如果蜜蜂真的能夠像人類一樣思考呢?

Well, it'd be amazing, since we're talking about an insect

那就真的很神奇了吧 我們正在討論的是

with only one million brain cells.

只有一百萬個腦細胞的昆蟲耶

But it actually makes a lot of sense they should,

不過它們也應該具有這樣的能力

because bees, like us, can recognize a good flower

它們有能力

regardless of the time of day, the light, the weather,

透過時間 光線 天氣 來分辨一朵好花

or from any angle they approach it from. (Applause)

還能從任何一個角度去接近花朵 (掌聲)

BL: So the next step was to design an experiment,

BL: 而下一步 就是開始設計這個實驗

which is a game. So the kids went off and they designed

一個玩樂的實驗 所以孩子們開始設計實驗了

this experiment, and so -- well, game -- and so,

又或是說 設計一個遊戲

Amy, can you tell us what the game was,

艾咪 你可以跟大家分享你們所設計的這個遊戲嗎?

and the puzzle that you set the bees?

還有你們為蜜蜂所設計的關卡

AO: The puzzle we came up with was an if-then rule.

艾咪? 我們想出的關卡是一個 "如果-則" 的規則

We asked the bees to learn not just to go to a certain color,

我們要求蜜蜂學習不只是飛向特定的顏色

but to a certain color flower only

而是特定顏色的花

when it's in a certain pattern.

和特定的顏色圖案

They were only rewarded if they went to the yellow flowers

它們只有飛到黃色花朵的時候能被獎賞

if the yellow flowers were surrounded by the blue,

如果當黃色的花是被藍色的花包圍的時候

or if the blue flowers were surrounded by the yellow.

又或是藍色的話被黃色的花包圍的時候

Now there's a number of different rules the bees can learn

現在有好幾條蜜蜂可以學習的規則 使他們能夠解決這個關卡

to solve this puzzle. The interesting question is, which?

有趣的是 是哪一條規則呢

What was really exciting about this project was we,

但是這個實驗最刺激的地方就在於

and Beau, had no idea whether it would work.

我們還有Beau都不知道這個實驗到底會不會成功

It was completely new, and no one had done it before,

這實驗是一個全新的點子 從來沒有人做過

including adults. (Laughter)

包括 "大人們" (笑聲)

BL: Including the teachers, and that was really hard for the teachers.

BL: 包括老師們 因為這個實驗對老師來說也是非常難

It's easy for a scientist to go in and not have a clue what he's doing,

對一個科學家來說 進到實驗室之後卻毫無頭緒是正常的

because that's what we do in the lab, but for a teacher

因為這就是實驗室的一部份 但是對於老師來說

not to know what's going to happen at the end of the day --

如果完全不知道每天結束都會發生什麼事的話...

so much of the credit goes to Dave Strudwick, who was

所以我們就把這個責任交給 Dave Strudwick

the collaborator on this project. Okay?

也就是我們這個計畫的合作者

So I'm not going to go through the whole details of the study

我等等並不會直接講述這個研究的細節

because actually you can read about it, but the next step

因為你們等等就會瞭解了 而下一個步驟

is observation. So here are some of the students

就是觀察 這邊有幾個孩子

doing the observations. They're recording the data

正在做觀察 他們正在紀錄

of where the bees fly.

紀錄蜜蜂飛行的方向

(Video) Dave Strudwick: So what we're going to do — Student: 5C.

(影片) Dave Strudwick: 所以我們現在要做的是? 學生: 5C

Dave Strudwick: Is she still going up here? Student: Yeah.

Dave Strudwick: 蜜蜂還正在往上飛嗎? 學生: 對

Dave Strudwick: So you keep track of each. Student: Henry, can you help me here?

Dave Strudwick: 你們繼續觀察牠們飛行的方向喔 學生: "亨利 可以幫我一下嗎? "

BL: "Can you help me, Henry?" What good scientist says that, right?

BL: "可以幫我一下嗎 亨利" 好的科學家都是這樣說的 對吧?

Student: There's two up there.

學生: 這裡有兩隻蜜蜂

And three in here.

那裏有三隻

BL: Right? So we've got our observations. We've got our data.

BL: 看到了吧? 我們做完了觀察 也得到了數據

They do the simple mathematics, averaging, etc., etc.

他們做了一些簡單的數學運算 平均 等等等等

And now we want to share. That's the next step.

所以我們想要分享我們的結果 這就是下一步了

So we're going to write this up and try to submit this

我們必須把結果寫成報告並且提交

for publication. Right? So we have to write it up.

才能發表 對吧? 所以我們開始寫報告

So we go, of course, to the pub. All right? (Laughter)

所以我們去了 當然 去了酒吧 (笑聲)

The one on the left is mine, okay? (Laughter)

左邊的那杯是我喝的 看到了吧 (笑聲)

Now, I tell them, a paper has four different sections:

我告訴他們 一份正式的報告應該有四個部分

an introduction, a methods, a results, a discussion.

引言 方法 結論 討論

The introduction says, what's the question and why?

引言的部分應該要提到 你們所提出的問題和理由

Methods, what did you do? Results, what was the observation?

方法, 你們做了什麼? 結論, 你們觀察的結果

And the discussion is, who cares? Right?

最後是討論 不過誰在乎啊? 對吧

That's a science paper, basically. (Laughter)

基本上 這就是一份科學的報告 (笑聲)

So the kids give me the words, right? I put it into a narrative,

所以孩子們給我這些字句 而我把這些字句寫成敘述文

which means that this paper is written in kidspeak.

也就是說 這邊報告是用孩子們的口吻所寫的

It's not written by me. It's written by Amy

所以不是我寫的報告 是艾咪

and the other students in the class. As a consequence,

還有班上其他的孩子們一起寫的 所以

this science paper begins, "Once upon a time ... " (Laughter)

這邊報告的第一句話是 "從前從前..." (笑聲)

The results section, it says: "Training phase, the puzzle ... duh duh duuuuuhhh." Right? (Laughter)

結論的部分寫了 "難題 duh duh duuuuuhhh." (笑聲)

And the methods, it says, "Then we put the bees

方法的部分則是寫了 "然後我們把蜜蜂冰進冰箱裡"

into the fridge (and made bee pie)," smiley face. Right? (Laughter)

"然後做成蜜蜂派" 還有加個笑臉 (笑聲)

This is a science paper. We're going to try to get it published.

這可是一個科學報告 而我們希望能夠發表出來耶

So here's the title page. We have a number of authors there.

這是報告的封面 上面有這些小小作者的名字

All the ones in bold are eight to 10 years old.

這些8到10歲的小朋友

The first author is Blackawton Primary School, because

名列第一位作者的是 Blackawton 小學

if it were ever referenced, it would be "Blackawton et al,"

因為這樣子以後只要有人引注這份資料 名字就會是 "Blackawton小學等人"

and not one individual. So we submit it to a public access journal,

而不是任何一個個人 然後我們將報告投稿到一個公共的期刊

and it says this. It said many things, but it said this.

期刊說了好多事 但最重要的是 它說了

"I'm afraid the paper fails our initial quality control checks in several different ways." (Laughter)

這份研究報告恐怕沒有達到很多方面的最低標準(笑聲)

In other words, it starts off "once upon a time,"

換句話來說 這份報告是由 "從前從前..."這句話開始的

the figures are in crayon, etc. (Laughter)

圖還是用蠟筆畫的 (笑聲)

So we said, we'll get it reviewed. So I sent it to Dale Purves,

於是我們說 我們會再拿去修改一下 所以我把報告寄給了Dale Purves

who is at the National Academy of Science, one of the leading neuroscientists in the world,

一個國家科學研究院工作頂尖的神經學專家

and he says, "This is the most original science paper I have ever read" — (Laughter) —

而他說 "這是一份我看過最原汁原味的報告了" (笑聲)

"and it certainly deserves wide exposure."

"而它值得被更多人注意到"

Larry Maloney, expert in vision, says, "The paper is magnificent.

視覺專家Larry Maloney 說 "這份報告實在是很了不起"

The work would be publishable if done by adults."

如果這是一個成人做的研究 一定會被發表

So what did we do? We send it back to the editor.

於是我們做了什麼? 我們把報告拿回去給編輯

They say no.

不過他們還是不願意發表

So we asked Larry and Natalie Hempel to write

所以我們請了Larry還有Natalie Hempel

a commentary situating the findings for scientists, right,

請他們幫科學家們寫了情境評估

putting in the references, and we submit it to Biology Letters.

放在引注資料裡 然後將它投稿到

And there, it was reviewed by five independent referees,

它被五位獨立的評審審查之後

and it was published. Okay? (Applause)

它被發表了 (掌聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

It took four months to do the science,

這個研究花了4個月完成

two years to get it published. (Laughter)

卻花了兩年才被發表 (笑聲)

Typical science, actually, right? So this makes Amy and

典型的科學 對吧? 而這個發表使艾咪和她的朋友

her friends the youngest published scientists in the world.

成為史上最年輕已發表的科學家

What was the feedback like?

那麼反應如何呢?

Well, it was published two days before Christmas,

嗯 那是在聖誕節前兩周發表的

downloaded 30,000 times in the first day, right?

在第一天就被下載了三萬次

It was the Editors' Choice in Science, which is a top science magazine.

它成為了有名的科學雜誌的編輯推薦

It's forever freely accessible by Biology Letters.

開放了它的永久免費分享

It's the only paper that will ever be freely accessible by this journal.