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subsidies
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n. pl.名詞 (複數)補貼 ：津貼
Government subsidies for working class people
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隨著 Nokia、Ericsson 的沒落，歐洲是如何失去科技巨頭的地位？ (How Europe Lost Its Tech Giants)
- dominance in the EV market, which benefits from significant government subsidies.
在電動汽車市場佔據主導地位，享受政府的大量補貼。
中國電動車價格殺瘋了！只要台幣三十萬就能買到全新電動車，此舉是否會擾亂全球電車市場？ (China's leading electric vehicle maker selling cars for $10,000)
- BYD began as a battery manufacturer and with the help of government subsidies, now controls every mile of its low-cost supply chain from parts to shipping.
比亞迪最初是一家電池製造商，在政府補貼的幫助下，現在控制著從零件到運輸的低成本供應鏈的每一英里。
- MANUFACTURER, AND WITH THE HELP OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES NOW CONTROLS
生產商，在政府補貼的幫助下，現在控制著
牽一髮而動全世界經濟！面對中國虎視眈眈爭奪臺灣 AI 晶片，美國該如何防範？ (The Race to Secure Taiwan’s AI Chips as Fears of a Chinese Invasion Loom | WSJ)
- President Biden's Chips Act includes subsidies to encourage TSMC and other chip makers to expand production outside of Taiwan, and onto U.S. soil.
拜登總統的晶片法案包括鼓勵台積電和其他晶片製造商將生產擴大到台灣以外和美國本土的補貼。
為什麼生病會這麼貴？ | 追逐人生 (Why it costs so much to get sick | Chasing Life)
- But what's happening this year is during the Biden administration, the prices of subsidies were going up and it was during COVID so they issued what are called premium support payments.
但今年發生的是，在拜登政府期間，補助的價格不斷上漲，而且當時正值 COVID 疫情，所以他們發放了所謂的保費補助金。
- So there were subsidies that if you had a certain income, you put it into the computer system.
所以有些補助金，如果你有特定收入，你把它輸入電腦系統。
這是德雷克和肯德里克的較量巴卡里-塞勒斯談特朗普與馬斯克之爭 ('This is Drake and Kendrick': Bakari Sellers on the Trump vs. Musk battle)
- We're going to cut your subsidies. But I also don't want Democrats to get too excited. I mean, I think that you see people online and you see people in social media that are like saying Oh my God, this is the end of Donald Trump. This is the same person whose father was sued because he didn't rent a contractors. This is the same person who has five kids by three baby mamas. This is the same person in the list goes on and on and on. Donald Trump has control over his base. Elon Musk is going to learn that the extent of his power is not what he thinks it is. Donald Trump wins this battle versus Elon
我們要削減你們的補貼。但我也不希望民主黨人過於興奮。我的意思是，我認為你在網上和社交媒體上看到的人都在說，天哪，這就是唐納德-特朗普的末日。就是這樣一個人，他的父親因為沒有租到承包商而被起訴。就是這個人，有三個 "小媽 "的五個孩子。就是這樣一個人，這樣一個人，這樣一個人......不勝枚舉。唐納德-特朗普控制了他的基礎。埃隆-馬斯克將認識到，他的權力並不像他想象的那樣大。唐納德-特朗普在與埃隆-馬斯克的較量中獲勝
- Musk cares about, the EV subsidies, right? So there's a lot going on here. The EV subsidies, his guy didn't end up running NASA. There's a lot of bad blood here. And I think a lot of this is just petty fighting. I think you're right.
馬斯克關心的是電動汽車補貼，對吧？所以這裡發生了很多事電動汽車補貼，他的人最終沒能掌管宇航局。 The EV subsidies, his guy didn't end up running NASA.這裡面有很多不愉快我覺得很多都是小打小鬧你說得對
在這場電動車大戰中，為何是中國勝出？ (Why China is winning the EV war)
- According to one estimate, from 2009 to 2022, the Chinese government gave out $29 billion in the form of subsidies, research spending, and tax breaks to the EV industry.
據估計，從 2009 年到 2022 年，中國政府將以補貼、科研支出和稅收減免的形式向電動汽車行業發放 290 億美元。
- To get consumers on board, governments offered them generous subsidies too, along with other benefits.
為了讓消費者加入進來，政府也為他們提供了豐厚的補貼和其他福利。
日本鐵路獲勝的原因 (Why Japanese Railways Win)
- JRs had to genuinely, effectively reform. And they certainly did. Bureaucratic bloat was quickly fixed. 90,000 redundant employees were removed, largely through transfer offers to other jobs in the public and private sectors. Prior to privatization, there was one employee for every 311,000 miles or 510,000 kilometers traveled by passengers. After, it was up to 897,000 miles or 1,443,000 kilometers. And despite the cuts in headcount, service actually improved. The frequency of service, on average, increased, serious accidents halved, and improvements were made to stations and rolling stock. Financially, things improved too—the revenue-to-cost ratio went from 0.771 to 1.167, meaning, on average, the train companies were earning an operating profit thanks to a combination of cost reductions and revenue increases. And this wasn't thanks to heavy government subsidies—subsidies were far lower, overall, than prior to privatization—nor was it thanks to fare increases—the rate of increase actually slowed significantly relative to prior to privatization. Perhaps the primary confounding variable was the fact that Japan's economy was in a boom throughout much of the period immediately post-privatization, so there was plenty of demand for rail travel. But all in all, the process worked. So much so that, as soon as JR West, Central, and East hit the required five-year mark, they began the process of listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Through the sale of shares, the JNR Settlement Corporation generated revenue that was used to pay down its debt, while the JRs were also profitable enough to start buying the Shinkansen network from the Shinkansen Holding Company, further generating revenue for the Settlement Corporation. But beyond the reforms on the rails and in company structure, there was another crucial change that allowed the JR companies to flourish.
JR 必須進行真正有效的改革。他們確實做到了。官僚機構的臃腫很快得到了解決。9 萬名冗餘員工被裁撤，主要是通過調任到公共和私營部門的其他工作崗位。私有化之前，乘客每行駛 311 000 英里或 510 000 公里，就有一名員工。私有化後，這一比例上升到 897 000 英里或 1 443 000 公里。儘管削減了人員，但服務卻得到了切實改善。平均班次增加了，嚴重事故減少了一半，車站和車輛也得到了改善。財務狀況也有所改善--收入與成本的比率從 0.771 上升到 1.167，這意味著，在降低成本和增加收入
- Parts of the development around the station, like this and this, are all owned and developed by Tokyo Corporation. This approach, to leverage real estate around stations to invest in retail and hospitality, was likely born from some necessity, and not just ingenuity, thanks to the country's Railroad Nationalization Act, which nationalized 17 of the country's 37 private railways from 1906 to 1907, when it was enacted. Part of its limitations restricted private railways from directly competing with government lines, so the private operators pivoted and looked to real estate and diversified assets in order to create revenue when building new rails. But it turns out that that technique worked tremendously well—so much so that the JRs adopted it following privatization in 1987. This happened all over the country—it happened with JR Kyushu, which quickly launched a fast food division, retail operations, and a country club. It happened here, with JR East, which owns the Gala-Yuzawa ski resort, as well as the train line that services it, dropping riders into a station that's part of the resort's main building. And it happened here, where these are just one chain of hotels that JR West owns across its network. All around the country, the JR companies have been able to find plenty of opportunities to capitalize on the real estate long owned by the railroad, but long ignored. In the case of JR West, for example, about 20% of their revenue now comes from the real estate business, allowing for diversified income streams in a traditionally concentrated sector. Japan's railways have a recipe for success—the structural reforms created companies capable of turning a profit, the real estate businesses made that profit diversified, and the network these companies inherited was such that they could run fast, frequent, reliable service at an affordable cost. But it didn't turn out to be a one-size-fits-all solution. JR Kyushu listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 2016, becoming the first of the island JRs to do so, but JR Shikoku and Hokkaido still lag far behind. JR Hokkaido struggles most—subsidies account for almost half of its revenue. The population of the region is declining and ridership is decreasing as people opt for cars. As a result, train frequency is going down, creating a vicious cycle. At one point in 2019, JR Hokkaido enlisted Tokyo Corporation, with obvious interest to develop rail in the region thanks to their ski industry investments, to partner on increasing service and adding a luxury train service to the island, but so far it's only manifested in a sporadic sightseeing operation.
車站周邊的部分開發項目，如這裡和這裡，都歸東京公司所有並由其開發。從 1906 年到 1907 年，日本頒佈了《鐵路國有化法》，將全國 37 條私營鐵路中的 17 條收歸國有。該法案的部分限制性規定，私營鐵路不得與政府鐵路線直接競爭，是以私營運營商在建設新鐵路時，轉而尋求房地產和多元化資產，以創造收入。但事實證明，這種方法非常有效，以至於日本鐵路公司在 1987 年私有化後也採用了這種方法。這種情況在全國各地都有發生--JR九州也是如此，它迅速推出了快餐部門、零售業務和鄉村俱樂部。在這裡，JR 東日本擁有
