Name: 猴子和道德。心理學速成班第19期 (Monkeys and Morality: Crash Course Psychology #19)
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情態副詞

So you've probably seen a little kid react
to a sudden bang or a terrifying clown or

That child probably immediately reached for
a parent, looking for comfort, and that same

kid might freak out if she was separated from
her adult of choice, especially is she was

It's called attachment and if you've ever
seen a clingy kid you know why it's called

For a long time psychologists assumed that
this was just an intense innate survival instinct;

I mean it makes sense that babies would be
attached to their food source and bigger kids

would stick around to the people who helped
them survive.

But in the 1950s American psychologists Harry
and Margaret Harlow came along with a barrel

of monkeys, complicating and illuminating
our idea of bonding with caregivers in what

has to be one of the saddest psychological
experiments of all time.

The Harlow's were breeding Rhesus macaque
monkeys for their research on learning.

Part of the process involved separating babies
from their mothers right after birth, which,

They began noticing that baby monkeys were
very attached to the blankets they had in

their cages, so they set up an experiment.

One was a bare wire cylinder with a feeding
bottle attached; they called that Wire Mother,

and the other was a cozier cloth and foam
wrapped cylinder without a feeding bottle:

It took no time at all to see the baby's
preference.

They overwhelming preferred the comfy cloth
mama, clinging to it whenever they seemed

to be anxious or in need of comfort, and sometimes
they fed from the Wire Mother with the baby

This discovery that attachment wasn't just
about getting breakfast surprised a lot of

It turns out that contact and touch are vital
to attachment, learning, emotional well-being,

As the brain and mind develop in infants so
too do they're emotions and social behavior.

Caregivers can greatly influence this development,
and most psychologists will tell you that

how a child is raised early on can have a
huge effect on how they view the world, other

people and themselves, not to mention how
they react to stressful situations or sort

I mean, it's a big complex challenging world
out there and wire monkey baby mama just ain't

You can convey all sorts of emotions through
touch.

A hug, a slap, a pat on the back, a poke on
the side all convey meaning.

You can imagine how all those poor macaques,
who were separated not just from their mothers,

but everyone, grew up to have some social
issues as adults.

Those monkeys showed many signs of being really
disturbed, from trouble eating, to rocking

back and forth in a trance, to even engaging
in self-mutilation.

Most of the macaques used in this study never
recovered, and those who were forced into

pregnancy didn't know how to care for their
own offspring.

Although the Harlow's research taught us a
lot, it was inhumane and would never pass

And loving touch and care are tremendously
important, but familiarity is also key to

When you're little, a hug from a stranger
is not the same as a hug from your mom or

your grandma or your dad or your zookeeper
or whomever you're most comfortable and familiar

And for some critters, all these factors need
to come together sooner rather than later.

Some baby animals experience a critical period
in early life when certain things have to

For ducks and geese, that critical period
occurs just after hatching when they accept

the first moving object they see as their
mother.

This so-called "imprinting process" can be
difficult to reverse, which can make things

a bit awkward if that moving thing is a golden
retriever or a person or a beach ball.

The world would be a lot different and a lot
more bizarre if they did.

Human babies do, however, feel a lot more
comfortable around people, things, and settings

They form emotional attachments, but not all
attachments are created equal.

In the 1970's, American psychologist Mary
Ainsworth created the "strange situation"

experiment to observe children's different
attachment styles.

She'd put a one-year-old kid and their mom
in an unfamiliar room, like a playroom at

the lab and then observe the child playing
with the mother.

Eventually, the child would encounter something
potentially stressful.

Like, a stranger would come in and interact
with the child and then the mom would leave.

If the kid freaked out, the stranger would
try to comfort them.

And then mom would come back and the stranger
would leave.

Different children responded differently to
the strange situation.

Ainsworth measured and observed 4 different
categories of behavior, including separation

anxiety, the child's willingness to explore,
stranger anxiety, and reunion behavior, or

how the child reacted when the mom returned,
which was what she was particularly interested

Ainsworth broke this behavior down into three
main attachment styles: secure, insecure avoidant,

About 70% of her subjects showed secure attachment
and could happily explore their new digs and

interact with the stranger, so long as their
mom was nearby.

If mom left, they might freak out a bit, but
they greeted her return in a happy and positive

About 15% of the kids demonstrated insecure
ambivalent attachment.

They were afraid of the stranger, cried more
and explored less, and had a major freak out

when mom left, only to act all salty and mad
when she returned.

The last 15% or so showed insecure avoidant
attachment.

They were fine with the stranger, kinda indifferent
actually, didn't cling to mom, didn't seem

bothered when she left, showed little interest
upon her return.

Ainsworth observed that sensitive, attentive
mothers usually raised securely attached kids,

whereas less responsive mothers who often
ignored their children, or super-anxious mothers

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猴子和道德。心理學速成班第19期 (Monkeys and Morality: Crash Course Psychology #19)

anxiety

cognitive

vital

critical