Name: TEDx】一個沒有癌症的世界--傑克-安德拉卡在TEDxRedmond 2012上的演講。 (【TEDx】A World Without Cancer - Jack Andraka at TEDxRedmond 2012)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:28:46.000Z
Duration: 8 min 34 s

(Video Presenter): And, the winner  of the 75,000 dollar 2012 Gordon E. Moore Award

(播放的影片) :  2012 年高登·厄爾·摩爾獎 75000 美元的得主

in the category of Medicine and Health Sciences,

the grand prize winner, Jack Thomas Andraka.

it is my honor to present to you  the top award winners

of 2012 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (Applause)

英特爾國際科學工程大會的冠軍 (掌聲)

We have been talking a lot about this thing called cancer.

What if there was a sensor that was like a diabetes test strip

that could detect cancer for less than 3 cents in 5 minutes.

只用 3 美分，5 分鐘來檢測癌症呢

Imagine a 168 times faster, over 26,000 times less expensive,

想像一下，它能 168 倍更快 便宜 26,000 倍

簡單說，一位家人因胰腺癌過世

because I had a close family member that passed due to pancreatic cancer.

It's a really devastating disease. It's the death sentence basically.

圖上能看出來，只有百分之 5.5  的病人

only 5.5 percent of people who are initially diagnosed, will survive.

Why as a society that is so technologically advanced --

should this statistic be acceptable to us.

So, then, I got really interested and I started doing a bit of research.

What I found is that there are these certain proteins.

They are found in your blood at higher concentrations

It's highly overexpressed by pancreatic cancer as well as [at] the early stages.

(是一種細胞表面糖蛋白)    胰腺癌早期它會很明顯

Where, if you can find it in those stages, then it has close to a 100% survival rate

可以儘早發現，從而獲得接近  100% 的存活率

But, also a main problem with our current diagnostic test

for pancreatic cancer -- it's grossly inaccurate.

It diagnoses like, for example, inflamation of your pancreas.

A 70% sensitivity and less than that for specificity --

[Which] means it gives tons of false positives and false negatives.

這可能會導致錯誤的陰性陽性結果

So then, through these really cool things called carbon nanotubes --

They are the superheros of material science.

There are these atom-thick tube of carbon and they have these fantastic properties.

它們只有一層碳原子厚 而且具有絕佳的性質

I began formulating an idea in unlikely place, biology class.

我開始在生物領域制定一個想法

We were learning about antibodies which are basically lock and key molecules

我們瞭解的分子抗體 有點像鎖和鑰匙

that bind specifically to a certain protein.

In this case, the cancer biomarker, mesothelin.

Then, I had an idea.  I was reading this paper

in biology class -- about carbon nanotubes --

I knew about this protein, mesothelin, and we were learning about antibodies.

我知道這些蛋白質間皮素   也瞭解分子抗體

It is kind of like a connect-the-dots puzzle where you form a draft

You have a network of the single walled carbon nanotubes and antibodies.

用網狀的單層碳微管和分子抗體

What happens is -- when you put a blood sample

就是這樣——當你在這種網狀物上

that contains that target protein in it  on this network,

放置帶有目標蛋白質的血液樣本

that protein will go into the network and form a larger molecule with that antibody.

目標蛋白質會進入網狀物並  形成帶有分子抗體的更大的分子

This causes an electrical change in the sensor.

I can actually measure this with a 50 dollar ohmmeter from Home Depot.

在家得寶 (傢俱建材店)  50 美元買的歐姆表就能測量到

All you do is to create uniform dispersion out of these.

You mix it up with these carbon nanotubes and this antibody.

要把它和碳微管和分子抗體  混合起來

You just dip stick that is like a piece of filter paper.

Then, you dry it and you use it for a certain time.

然後讓它乾燥 就能用一段時間了

You just measure it with this 50 dollar ohmmeter.

就把它跟 50 美元的歐姆表接起來

It requires less than a sixth of the drop of blood.

只需要一滴血的六分之一那麼多

What you have to do for detecting a disease such as pancreatic cancer [is] --

when a protein is overexpressed you have to set a cutoff level.

一種蛋白質的表現有差異  這就需要一個排除門檻

If it's above this, then, it's at an abnormally high level.

如果高於這個  那資料就異常了

If't is below that, then, it's kind of normal and you are OK.

So, I choose mine as 10 nano grams per mL.

所以 我把我的排除門檻定為   每毫升 10 納克

想像一下十億 (10 的正九次與負九次方對比)

Then, essentially what I did is, I had to test  whether my sensor was actualy working.

然後很重要的，我得來檢測 我的感應器對不對

who had pancreatic cancer  ranging in its stage.

You can see they are all above this 20 ng.

你們能看到，他們的資料都超過 20 納克

That's well above the 10 ng per mL cutoff.

Them, I had negative cancer samples, healthy patients.

然後我用了陰性病例，也就是健康人

People who did not have pancreatic cancer, maybe some other condition.

沒有胰腺癌的人 有著各種其他身體情況

That means that is not giving any false positives or any false negatives.

這表明，這個方法不會產生 錯誤的陰性或陽性檢測結果

That means a 100% accuracy  as [its] diagnosis.

This has the potential to save thusands of lives,

reshaping how we think of cancer diagnostics.

In addition to this, what happens is this --  also I found we could look at

how effective a chemotherapeutic treatment or a regimen

as well as how effective your surgery is.

for each of different chemotherapeutic drugs -- I tested five on mouse models --

對於每個不同的化療藥物  我在五個老鼠身上實驗

they all have different levels of mesothelin.

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TEDx】一個沒有癌症的世界--傑克-安德拉卡在TEDxRedmond 2012上的演講。 (【TEDx】A World Without Cancer - Jack Andraka at TEDxRedmond 2012)

applause

world

disease

imagine